pith. sign in

math.CA

Classical Analysis and ODEs

Special functions, orthogonal polynomials, harmonic analysis, ODE's, differential relations, calculus of variations, approximations, expansions, asymptotics

Top Pith
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math.CA 2026-05-21

Bessel integral bound holds uniformly for all γ in (0,1)

by Yaoran Yang, Yutong Zhang

Weighted Uniform Endpoint Majorants for Integrals Involving Modified Bessel Functions

Removes the small-γ restriction from earlier estimates and supplies an explicit constant that works for every x > 0.

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We give an affirmative full-range solution to Gaunt's 2019 Open Problem~2.10. The problem asks whether, for every \(\nu>-1/2\) and \(0<\gamma<1\), the reciprocal-power integral \(\int_0^x e^{-\gamma t}I_\nu(t)t^{-\nu}\,\dd t\) is bounded by a constant multiple of \(e^{-\gamma x}I_{\nu+1}(x)x^{-\nu}\), uniformly for all \(x>0\). Earlier exponential-tilt estimates proved such endpoint majorants only under an additional smallness condition on \(\gamma\). We prove the estimate throughout the natural range \(0<\gamma<1\), with an explicit admissible constant. More generally, if \(\mu>-1\), \(q>-1\), \(0<\gamma<1\), and \(w(x)x^{-q}\) is nondecreasing on \((0,\infty)\), then for every \(\theta\in(\gamma,1)\), \(\int_0^x e^{-\gamma t}w(t)t^{-\mu}I_\mu(t)\,\dd t\) is controlled by an explicit multiple of \(e^{-\gamma x}w(x)x^{-\mu}I_{\mu+1}(x)\). The case \(w\equiv1\), \(q=0\), and \(\mu=\nu\) resolves Gaunt's problem. The weighted theorem also yields shifted-order and moment estimates, applies to approximate power weights and monotone regularly varying amplitudes, and provides two-sided estimates under a reversed comparison. We further analyze the sharp power-weighted quotient via endpoint expansions, a stationary equation, and parameter monotonicity.
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nlin.SI 2026-05-21 2 theorems

Polynomial Hamiltonians yield meromorphic solutions only for degrees 3,4,5,7

by Marta Dell'Atti, Thomas Kecker

Modified Painlev\'e systems with meromorphic solutions for polynomial Hamiltonians of all degrees

Twelve standard forms are obtained, including new quartic and quintic examples, for use in the Painlevé equivalence problem.

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We review non-autonomous Hamiltonian systems, polynomial in two dependent variables, with the property that all of their solutions are meromorphic functions in the complex plane. These are related to known Hamiltonian systems with the Painlev\'e property, for which the solutions are single-valued outside a set of fixed singularities. Our systems are equivalent to them in the absence of fixed singularities, and give modified Painlev\'e equations otherwise. Using the geometric approach by computing the Okamoto's spaces of initial conditions for certain Hamiltonian systems with general coefficient functions, we obtain differential constraints on these functions for the systems to have only meromorphic solutions. Guided by the Newton polygon of the Hamiltonian function, we obtain all such systems with polynomial Hamiltonian of degree three, four, five, and seven, up to affine equivalence in the dependent variables, while there are none for degree six or degree higher than seven. We thus obtain a list of 12 standard polynomial Hamiltonians that can serve as reference for the Painlev\'e equivalence problem. This list contains also some new Hamiltonians not previously written down, such as quartic Hamiltonians for Painlev\'e I and II, quartic Hamiltonians for the modified Painlev\'e III and V equations, a quintic Hamiltonian for Painlev\'e IV and quintic and septic Hamiltonians for a modified Painlev\'e VI equation.
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math.MG 2026-05-18 2 theorems

Coarea formula holds for maps from Heisenberg group to R^{2n}

by Gioacchino Antonelli, Robert Young

Area of H\"older curves and coarea formula on the Heisenberg group

A new integral for the area of half-Holder curves makes this work even for the simplest vector-valued case.

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We prove the coarea formula for Lipschitz maps from the subriemannian $n$th Heisenberg group $\mathbb H_n$ to $\mathbb R^{2n}$. Our result is new even when $n=1$ and provides the simplest vector-valued instance of the coarea formula in subriemannian geometry. This answers a question left open in the works of Magnani, Kozhevnikov, Magnani--Stepanov--Trevisan, and Julia--Nicolussi Golo--Vittone. The main difficulty of the proof is that a fiber of a $C^1_{\mathrm{H}}$ map $f: \mathbb H_n\to \mathbb R^{2n}$ is typically an unrectifiable curve. Its measure depends on the symplectic area of its projection to $\mathbb R^{2n}$. A bound on this area would imply the coarea formula, but examples of Kozhevnikov show that this area can be infinite or undefined. To overcome this, we introduce an integral that we use to define both the symplectic area of $\frac{1}{2}$--H\"older curves in $\mathbb R^{2n}$ and the symplectic area of projections of vertical curves in $\mathbb H_n$. Then, we give a geometric condition for this integral to converge. This yields, in addition, new results on the existence of the signed area of $\tfrac12$--H\"older planar curves that may be of independent interest. Finally, we use $\beta$--number estimates from the F\"assler--Orponen Dorronsoro Theorem to show that this geometric condition holds for almost every fiber.
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math.CA 2026-07-03

Normalizing series to probabilities turns quotient signs into moment checks

by Zakaria Derbazi

A Probabilistic Sign Rule for Quotients of Positive Series and Integral Transforms

The rule reduces monotonicity and log-convexity of hypergeometric and Stieltjes quotients to kernel monotonicity and covariance signs.

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This paper develops a probabilistic sign rule for quotients of functions represented by positive series or integrals. For a function in this class, normalising the summand function in the series case or the integrand function in the integral case induces a probability law under which parameter log-derivatives of the function are expressed as moments of kernels, the log-derivatives of the same summand or integrand function with respect to the same parameters. The resulting moment identities reduce quotient monotonicity, log-supermodularity, and log-convexity to sign criteria based on kernel monotonicity, stochastic ordering of the induced laws, and covariance or variance identities. The criteria are applied to generalised hypergeometric, Stieltjes-transform, and Prabhakar quotients, yielding new Tur\'an inequalities, two-sided Stieltjes bounds, and a local failure threshold for a monotonicity conjecture for the zero-balanced Gauss function.
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math.PR 2026-07-03

Sources and sinks turn chemical Markov chains into ergodic processes

by E. Franco, J. J. L. Velázquez

Flux solutions for stochastic chemical systems with sources and sinks

Augmented reaction networks converge to unique stationary measures that support sustained fluxes, allowing explicit computation of membrane

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In this paper we study a class of stochastic chemical systems that, in general, do not satisfy the property of detailed balance nor the property of complex balance. These systems are obtained by adding sources and sinks to conservative chemical systems. This procedure is a way to define rigorously stochastic chemical systems in contact with reservoirs. We prove that these systems are non-explosive Markov chains and we prove that they converge to a steady state as time tends to infinity. The stationary solution are out of equilibrium solutions. We conclude the paper by applying our results in order to describe fluxes of molecules through some membrane channels.
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math.CA 2026-07-03

Small Lipschitz tweak forces all level sets to measure zero

by Sorina Barza, Martin Lind

Eliminating positive-measure level sets by small Lipschitz perturbations

For any continuous f, a perturbation with Lip seminorm below any ε makes every level set a null set.

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We establish a new regularity phenomenon of continuous functions. Specifically, given any continuous function $f$ and arbitrary $\epsilon>0$, we construct a Lipschitz perturbation $g_\epsilon$ whose Lipschitz seminorm is less than $\epsilon$ such that every level set of $f+g_\epsilon$ has Lebesgue measure zero.
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math.CA 2026-07-03

Bochner-Riesz means bounded on L^p up to p_n on Heisenberg group

by Detlef Müller, Lars Niedorf +2 more

Bochner-Riesz means on the Heisenberg group

A p-sensitive multiplier theorem from wave-operator square functions extends the known range past the endpoints p=1 and infinity.

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We prove new $L^p$ boundedness results for Bochner-Riesz means associated with the spectral decomposition of the sub-Laplacian on the Heisenberg group $\mathbb H_n$. Our results hold for a range $1\le p\le p_n$ where $p_n\to 2$ as $n\to\infty$. As shown by the first named author in 1990 a Stein-Tomas type Fourier restriction theorem fails to hold on $\mathbb H_n$ and thus previous results based on the approach by Fefferman and Stein from the Euclidean setting only allowed to cover the cases $p=1$ and $p=\infty$. Our results on Bochner-Riesz means follow from a more general $p$-sensitive spectral multiplier theorem which is the main result of this article. This is obtained as a consequence of $L^p$ estimates for square functions associated with the Heisenberg wave operator.
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math.CA 2026-07-03

Dunkl kernel bounds hold uniformly for regular parameters

by Lukas Langen

Uniform bounds on the Dunkl kernel

The position-independent estimates imply absolute continuity of the intertwining-operator measure for multiplicities above 1/2.

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For an arbitrary reduced root system, we give upper bounds for the Dunkl kernel with regular spectral parameter and its derivatives, which are uniform in the spatial variable. These estimates generalize well-known sharp upper bounds for classical one-variable Bessel functions and for spherical functions of Cartan motion groups. As a consequence, we prove that the representing measure of Dunkl's intertwining operator is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure for multiplicities $k> 1/2$ and generic spectral parameter. This settles a conjecture posed in [RdJ02] at least for $k>1/2$.
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math.CA 2026-07-03

Weak tiles equal translational tiles in Z_pq

by Mamateli Kadir, Kaibo Fan

Tiles and weak tiles in mathbb{Z}_(pq)

Fourier analysis with Coven-Meyerowitz conditions shows the notions coincide in groups of order pq.

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This paper investigates the relationship between tiles and weak tiles in the context of finite cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$. We prove that weak tiles and translational tiles are equivalent in this group. Our proof employs Fourier analysis, Delsarte parameters, and the Coven-Meyerowitz conditions.
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math.CA 2026-07-03

Size conditions alone prove weighted bounds on Herz spaces

by María Jesús Carro, Bae Jun Park

Weighted Extensions of Stein's Theorem for Linear and Multilinear Operators

Extending Stein's theorem, linear and multilinear operators meet the estimates without kernel smoothness.

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We study weighted estimates for linear and multilinear integral operators whose kernels satisfy only size conditions. Extending a theorem of E. Stein and its refinement by Soria and Weiss, we prove weighted estimates on Herz and Ces\`aro type spaces, together with multilinear strong-type and weak-type analogues. As applications, we derive consequences for a range of rough singular integral operators and related variants, including linear, oscillatory, and multilinear settings.
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math.CA 2026-07-03

Leja sequences on intervals have Lebesgue constants O(n^2.18)

by Camille Pouchol (MAP5)

Improved polynomial estimate for the Lebesgue constants of Leja sequences on finite unions of intervals

Local separation at the Green-function scale cuts the growth exponent from 3.25 to roughly 2.18 on unions of intervals.

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We prove a new polynomial upper bound for the Lebesgue constants of $\tau$-Leja sequences on finite unions of real intervals. Building on an estimate of Andrievskii and Nazarov, we replace the global separation of the first $n$ Leja points by a local separation estimate at the Green-function scale $\rho_{1/n}$. Combined with a packing argument and estimates on $\rho_{1/n}$ near and away from the endpoints, this yields $\Lambda_n = O(n^{2\alpha_\tau})$ uniformly over all possible $\tau$-Leja sequences, with $\alpha_\tau = 1+\theta+2\lambda^{-1}\ln(\tau^{-1})$, where $\lambda=0.24565978 \ldots$ and $\theta=0.08899552\ldots$ In particular, for genuine Leja sequences on finite unions of intervals, including the benchmark case $K = [-1,1]$, this improves the previously known best exponent $13/4 = 3.25$ to around $2 + 2 \theta = 2.17799105\ldots$
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math.CA 2026-07-02

Singularly perturbed moment equations admit summable formal solutions

by Maria Książkiewicz, S{l}awomir Michalik

Summability of formal solutions of some singular perturbations problems in differential and moment differential equations

The summability type is equation-dependent and is obtained by relating the ODEs to linear moment PDEs.

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In this paper we study the summability of solutions of some general forms of singularly perturbed linear ordinary differential and moment differential equations. We conclude that under some assumptions solutions of these equations are summable. The type of this summability depends on the specific equation. We also show the connection between some singularly perturbed moment ordinary differential equations and some linear moment partial differential equations. We apply this connection to describe summable and multisummable formal solutions of these singularly perturbed moment ordinary differential equations. Main techniques used to show these conclusions are based on Borel transforms, properties of solutions of moment partial differential equations and on the Cauchy integral formula together with integral representations of solutions of such equations.
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math.CA 2026-07-02

Tiling condition transfers spectrality to product measures

by Mihail N. Kolountzakis, Chun-kit Lai +2 more

Spectrality of factors of product spectral measures

When A tiles {0..N-1} by direct sum, Lebesgue on A+[0,1] times ν is spectral exactly when ν is

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We refine the method by Greenfeld and Lev for the product spectral set problem and generalize the theorem to a singular measure setting. Furthermore, we establish a new class of spectral unions of intervals for which the product spectral set question has a positive answer. More precisely, if $A$ is a subset of the natural numbers such that $A\oplus B = \{0,1,\cdots, N-1\}$ for some $B\subset \mathbb N$ and $N>1$ then the product measure $\mathcal{L}|_{A+[0,1]}\times \nu$ is a spectral measure (that may be singular) if and only if $\nu$ is a spectral measure.
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math.CO 2026-07-02

Hypercube sumsets obey |A1+⋯+An| ≥ product of sizes to power 1/p

by Felipe Gonçalves, Danylo Radchenko

Sharp Lower Bounds for Sumsets in Hypercubes

The exponent p = n log(m+1)/log(nm+1) is optimal for subsets of {0..m}^d and resolves a long-standing conjecture.

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We prove a sharp lower bound for the cardinality of sumsets of subsets of $\mathbb{Z}^d$ confined to a hypercube, resolving in strong form a conjecture that was made explicit by Becker, Ivanisvili, Krachun and Madrid and had circulated in the folklore of the field for some time. Specifically, for sets $A_j\subseteq \{0,1,2,\dots,m\}^d$ we show that \[|A_1+\dots+A_n|\;\geq\; (|A_1|\cdots|A_n|)^{1/p},\qquad p=\frac{n\log(m+1)}{\log(nm+1)},\] with the exponent best possible. The only previously known sharp cases were $A_j\subseteq \{0,1\}^d$, for all $n\ge1$, and $A_j\subseteq \{0,1,2\}^d$ for $n=2$. We also prove a sharp inequality in the case when $A_j\subseteq\{0,1,\dots,m_j\}^d$ for different $m_j$. We obtain the above inequality as a corollary of a stronger result on sup-convolution of functions on $\mathbb{Z}^d$, whose proof is based on a novel mixed volume representation of a lattice path norm, together with a sharp one-dimensional functional inequality.
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math.CA 2026-07-02

Median porosity sets when distance weights are one-sided A_p

by Alptekin Can Goksan, Ignacio Uriarte-Tuero

One-sided median porous sets and one-sided Muckenhoupt distance functions

The new one-sided porosity condition on subsets of the line is equivalent to the distance function satisfying the Muckenhoupt integral condi

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We introduce the notion of one-sided median porosity for subsets $E$ of $\mathbb{R}$. We prove that this condition is necessary and sufficient for the distance weight $d_E^{-\alpha}$ to belong to a one-sided Muckenhoupt $A_p$ class for some $\alpha>0$ and $1<p<\infty$. As part of the proof, we obtain new characterizations of one-sided $A_p$ weights and one-sided $\mathrm{BMO}$ functions, in terms of medians. It was recently shown that $d_E^{-\alpha}$ is a one-sided Muckenhoupt $A_1$ weight for some $\alpha>0$ if and only if $E$ is one-sided weakly porous. In this paper, we find the precise range of exponents $\alpha>0$ such that $d_E^{-\alpha}$ belongs to a one-sided $A_p$ class, both for $p=1$ and for $1<p<\infty$. In addition, we show that $E$ is median porous if and only if it is both left and right median porous, and we give an example of a one-sided median porous set which is neither median porous nor one-sided weakly porous.
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math.CA 2026-07-02

Variable-order fractional operators bounded on variable Lebesgue spaces

by Francisco Gonçalves, Tuomas Oikari

Bounds for the maximal and Riesz potential operators with variable fractionality

Three-exponent Muckenhoupt condition controls the maximal operator; packing condition handles the potential.

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We prove $L^{p(\cdot)}$-to-$L^{q(\cdot)}$ bounds for variable versions of the fractional maximal $M^{\alpha(\cdot)}$ and Riesz potential $I^{\alpha(\cdot)}$ operators. The changing fractionality in these operators is given by averaging the function $\alpha(\cdot)$ over balls. The bounds for $M^{\alpha(\cdot)}$ are in terms of a three-exponent Muckenhoupt condition relating $p(\cdot),q(\cdot),$ and $\alpha(\cdot)$, while the bounds for $I^{\alpha(\cdot)}$ are in terms of the boundedness of $M^{\alpha(\cdot)}$ and a packing condition on $\alpha(\cdot).$ These bounds hold under Hardy--Littlewood maximal function boundedness and Muckenhoupt conditions on the individual exponents $p(\cdot),q(\cdot),\alpha(\cdot).$ The proofs are based on an adaptation of sparse domination to variable fractionality and an embedding into variable sequential spaces.
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stat.ML 2026-07-02

Refined assumption gives dichotomy counts for low-dimensional data

by Konstantin Häberle, Helmut Bölcskei

Function-Counting Theory for Low-Dimensional Data Structures

Extending Cover's counting theory shows how manifold structure shapes classification capacity and generalization.

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The success of deep learning models in classification and regression is widely attributed to the low-dimensional structure that real-world data tend to exhibit, despite their high-dimensional representation. This work attempts to provide a mathematical framework for binary classification on low-dimensional data, building on Cover's (1965) function-counting theory. With our framework, we aim to address the question of how the low-dimensional structure of the data affects the classification capabilities of learning models. Cover's theory relies on a general position assumption that blinds it to the underlying data structure. We refine this assumption to account for the low-dimensionality of the data and derive dichotomy counts that reflect the data structure. We further extend Cover's separation capacity and problem of generalization to the low-dimensional setting, enabling the impact of the underlying data structure on both to be analyzed.
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math.PR 2026-07-02

Perturbations preserve infinite clusters in tree percolation

by Mirmukhsin Makhmudov, Ville Suomala

On perturbations that preserve the connectivity properties in tree percolations

Mild distance-dependent factors leave the existence or absence of infinite clusters unchanged under minimal assumptions on the base model

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We consider a general bond percolation on an infinite locally finite tree, where the edge retention probabilities $p_e$ are replaced by $\min\{1,q_{|e|}p_e\}$, where $\{q_n\}_{n\ge 1}$ is a sequence of positive perturbation factors and $|e|$ denotes the distance between the edge $e$ and the root. If the original percolation model admits infinite clusters, it is of interest to investigate under which perturbations $0<q_n\le 1$ this connectivity property is preserved. Conversely, if the original percolation does not admit infinite clusters, we are led to study the stability of such a property under perturbations satisfying $q_n\ge 1$. In both cases, under minimal assumptions on the original model, we show that the percolative behaviour is stable against certain quantitative non-trivial perturbations. We also discuss an application of our results to the Erd\H{o}s similarity conjecture for Cantor sets.
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math.CA 2026-07-02

Recurrence extracts unique sum from ultra-rapid divergent series

by Ishan Joshi

A Recurrence Based Summation Method for Ultra-Rapid Divergent Series and Renormalon Type Expansions

C-summation normalizes the tail of a first-order recurrence and isolates its finite part via Bromwich transform, independent of solution und

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Classical summation methods are often organized around particular growth regimes. Standard Borel summation is suited to Gevrey-1 series, while higher-order Gevrey behavior is commonly handled by changing the kernel, for instance through Mittag-Leffler summation. In this paper, we introduce a recurrence-based summation method, called C-summation, whose primary input is a first-order inhomogeneous recurrence. The recurrence does not determine a unique solution, since different solutions may differ by a homogeneous term. We remove this ambiguity by passing to a normalized tail, where the homogeneous ambiguity becomes an additive constant, and then extracting the finite part of that tail. The resulting finite-part selector is defined through a Bromwich transform on the normalized tail differences. We prove that, under a precise $M$-admissibility hypothesis, the resulting value is independent of the chosen solution of the recurrence and of the chosen admissible recurrence presentation of the same formal series. We also show that C-summation is regular and homogeneous, and that it is stable under an explicit shift-compatibility condition on the normalized tail. In a certain Borel-summable class, we prove agreement with Borel-Laplace summation.
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math.CO 2026-07-02

Field covering by n copies of A when |A| exceeds p to the 3/(2n-1) power

by Guo-Dong Hong, Chong-Wei Liang +1 more

Peres--Schlag's nonempty-interior problem and a shifted-product variant for product sets

The threshold improves on the naive 2/n exponent and applies equally to shifted products.

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We study finite-field analogues of the Peres--Schlag nonempty-interior problem for product sets. Given \(A\subseteq\mathbb F_p\), we ask when a suitable one-dimensional linear image of \(A^n\) is full; equivalently, when there exist coefficients \(t_1,\ldots,t_n\in\mathbb F_p\) such that \[ t_1A+\cdots+t_nA=\mathbb F_p. \] For \(n\ge3\), we prove that, for every \(\eta>0\), this holds whenever \[ |A|\gg_{n,\eta} p^{\frac{3}{2n-1}+\eta}. \] This improves the exponent predicted by the direct product-set analogue of the Peres--Schlag threshold, namely \(|A|\gg p^{2/n}\). We also prove a two-dimensional near-half-density result. Motivated by sum-product phenomena, we also introduce and study a product-type variant in which linear forms are replaced by shifted product maps. We prove finite-field covering results for shifted products \[ (t_1 + A)(t_2 + A)\cdots(t_n + A) \] at the same density scale as in the linear case. Finally, we prove a Euclidean shifted-product analogue: if \(A\subseteq\mathbb R\) is Borel and \(\dim_H A>2/n\), then some shifted product of \(n\) copies of \(A\) contains a nonempty open interval.
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math.CA 2026-07-02

Polynomial method yields sharp finite-field projection results

by Guo-Dong Hong, Chong-Wei Liang +1 more

On the Peres--Schlag orthogonal projection problem and Kakeya-type sets

It also improves the parameter ranges where Euclidean projections have nonempty interior beyond earlier bounds.

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We investigate the Peres--Schlag nonempty interior problem for orthogonal projections in both the finite-field and Euclidean settings. Over finite fields $\mathbb F_q^n$, we employ the polynomial method to establish sharp projection results, and uncover a new connection with stability versions of the finite-field \((n,m)\)-set problem. Over Euclidean spaces $\mathbb R^n$, we obtain improved nonempty interior results beyond those of Peres and Schlag in certain parameter ranges. Our proof combines techniques from geometric measure theory and harmonic analysis, including $L^p$-estimates for Kakeya maximal operators and maximal $k$-plane transforms.
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math.CA 2026-07-01

Unified recurrences derived for 2j-k and j-2k polynomials on circle

by Roozbeh Gharakhloo, Nicholas S. Witte

The 2j-k and j-2k Bi-orthogonal Polynomials on the Unit Circle: Further Properties and Riemann-Hilbert Characterizations

Simplified relations, clearer Christoffel-Darboux formula and Riemann-Hilbert problems extend the classical j-k Toeplitz theory.

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In previous work \cite{GW}, we developed a theory of modulated \(2j-k\) bi-orthogonal polynomial systems \(\{P_n(z;r),Q_n(z;r)\}\) and \(j-2k\) bi-orthogonal polynomial systems \(\{R_n(z;r),S_n(z;r)\}\), which generalize the classical \(j-k\) Toeplitz systems. In the present paper, we further develop this theory in several directions. We derive simplified and unified recurrence relations for both families of polynomials, prove a more transparent Christoffel--Darboux formula, and give Riemann--Hilbert characterizations of the \(2j-k\) and \(j-2k\) systems.
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math.CA 2026-07-01

Jacobian method sets new thresholds for simplex volume vectors

by Tainara Borges, Ben Foster +3 more

On volume vectors determined by hypergraphs in thin subsets of Euclidean space

Heron's formula reduces volumes to distances and improves bounds when dimension exceeds simplex size.

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Generalizing the Falconer distance problem, the authors of this paper recently established the first non-trivial dimensional threshold for any distance graph in high enough of a dimension. The methods developed were flexible enough to generalize from the Euclidean distance to any two point configuration, conditional on results on $k$-stars for the two point configuration. A natural question emerges on what happens to configurations that take in more than two points. In this paper we consider a classic three point variant of the Falconer distance problem, namely that on areas of triangles and its generalizations to volumes of simplices. In this model case we develop two methods. One we call the Jacobian method which allows us, through Heron's formula, to leverage earlier results on distance graphs and obtains non-trivial thresholds for volume vectors determined by a wide range of hypergraphs of simplices. Even in the classic case of the volume of a single simplex this method yields the best known dimensional thresholds if the dimension is considerably bigger than the size of the simplex. We develop a conjecture that has connections to rigidity theory. The Jacobian method works best in high dimensions so in the case of areas of triangles in the plane, we refine the work of Shmerkin and Yavicoli, who recently resolved a conjecture for areas of triangles in the plane, and obtain building blocks from which we can get abundance of area vectors determined by certain hypergraphs of triangles, such as chains of triangles connected on edges or vertices. The results improve and extend existing results of Galo and McDonald as well as of Greenleaf, Iosevich and Taylor.
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math.CA 2026-07-01

Bessel order inequality gives dimension bound on Schrödinger constants

by Soichiro Suzuki

An order-interpolation inequality for Bessel functions

Strict comparison of J squares at shifted orders implies optimal constant on R^{d+1} is at most twice the constant on R^d

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We show that $J_{\mu + \nu}(r)^2 < J_{\nu-1/2}(r)^2 + J_{\nu+1/2}(r)^2$ holds whenever $\mu \in (-1/2, 1/2)$, $\nu \in [0, \infty)$, and $r \in (0, \infty)$. In fact, we prove a stronger version for any fixed non-trivial linear combination of the Bessel functions of the first and second kinds. This inequality can be regarded as a kind of interpolation with respect to order. As an application, we establish a dimension-comparison result for optimal constants of smoothing estimates for the free Schr\"{o}dinger equation. Briefly, the optimal constant on $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ is at most twice that on $\mathbb{R}^d$ for each $d \geq 2$.
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math.CA 2026-07-01

Beckmann boundary obeys Talagrand inequality on the cube

by Paata Ivanisvili, Xinyuan Xie +1 more

A Beckmann boundary form of Talagrand's conjecture on the discrete cube

New nonlocal measure is smaller than or equal to edge boundaries yet satisfies the variance times sqrt(log term) lower bound for every nonco

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We introduce the Beckmann boundary of a Boolean function \[ \mathsf{B}(f)=\inf_{\operatorname{div} V=Lf}\mathbb E\|V(x)\|_2. \] Here \[ L=\sum_iD_i,\qquad D_i f(x)=\frac{f(x)-f(x^{\oplus i})}{2}, \] and $\operatorname{div} V(x)=\sum_i (V_{i}(x)-V_{i}(x^{\oplus i}))$. This nonlocal quantity is no larger than the usual two-sided, one-sided, colored, optimized colored, or optimized fractional colored boundaries. Nevertheless, every nonconstant Boolean $f$ satisfies \[ \mathsf{B}(f)\gtrsim \operatorname{Var}(f) \sqrt{\log\!\left(1+\frac{1}{\sum_i\operatorname{Inf}_i(f)^2}\right)}. \] We also prove strong one-sided fractional spectral estimates. If $A\subset\{-1,1\}^n$ and \[ h_{A}(x)=\#\{i:x\in A,\ x^{\oplus i}\notin A\}, \] then, for $0<\alpha<1$, \[ \sum_{S\ne\varnothing}|S|^\alpha\widehat{\mathbf 1_{A}}(S)^2 \lesssim_\alpha \mathbb E\omega_\alpha(h_{A}), \] where $\omega_\alpha(m)=\sqrt m$ for $\alpha<1/2$, $\omega_{1/2}(m)=\sqrt m\log(e+m)$, and $\omega_\alpha(m)=m^\alpha$ for $\alpha>1/2$. These profiles are sharp, up to $\alpha$-dependent constants, for majority. We also show that the comparison is genuinely nonreversible: an explicit quotient-cube family makes the optimized fractional, and hence optimized colored, boundary exceed $\mathsf{B}$ by a factor $\gtrsim\sqrt{\log n}$. We further obtain a driftless Bernstein-multiplier inequality.
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math-ph 2026-07-01

Quantum Stokes matrices quantize Riemann-Hilbert-Birkhoff map

by Xiaomeng Xu

Quantum Stokes matrices and quantum Riemann-Hilbert-Birkhoff maps

Exchange relations turn them into an associative algebra homomorphism for systems with poles of order p+1.

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In this paper, we introduce quantum Stokes matrices for a noncommutative version of meromorphic linear systems of ordinary differential equations with a pole of order $p+1$. We prove that these quantum Stokes matrices satisfy natural quantum exchange relations. These relations allow us to interpret the quantum Stokes matrices as an associative algebra homomorphism, which may be viewed as a deformation quantization of the Riemann-Hilbert-Birkhoff map, regarded as a Poisson map, for meromorphic connections with a pole of order $p+1$.
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math.CA 2026-07-01

Bernstein-Erdős conjectures hold for exponential weights on half-line

by Szilárd Gy. Révész, Patricia Szokol

Conjectures of Bernstein and ErdH os for weighted Lagrange interpolation on the halfline with exponential weights

Equioscillation of Lebesgue maxima still minimizes the operator norm despite singular derivative matrices.

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Let I=[a,b] and consider the degree n Lagrange interpolation at the nodes x, where x\in S:={x=(x_0,x_1,...,x_n):a=x_0<x_1<...<x_n=b}. Then the norm of the Lagrange interpolation operator is the maximum of the Lebesgue function L(x,t) on I. Bernstein conjectured that the norm of the Lagrange interpolation operator becomes minimal exactly for node systems which exhibit an equioscillation property in that the interval maxima m_k(x):=max_{[x_{k-1},x_k]} L(x,.)}, (k=1,...,n) are all equal. Erd\H{o}s added to the conjecture the sandwich property that if y is an extremal (minimal norm) system, then for any other node system x there have to be indices i,j with m_i(y)<m_i(x) and m_j(y)> m_j(x). The conjectures were proved by Kilgore and de Boor--Pinkus in 1978. Since then, analogous results were obtained only for a few cases when interpolation is made to certain very special spaces of polynomials, or when we apply weighted interpolation with rather special weights. Worse than that, it turned out that published proofs of results on infinite intervals and weighted interpolation were seriously flawed. Here we prove the Bernstein and Erd\H os Conjectures for the case of exponentially weighted polynomials on the halfline. This is the first proof of these conjectures in a situation where, contrary to all existing successful proofs, we encounter singularity of certain derivative matrices.
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0
math.CA 2026-07-01

Moment criterion proves q-gamma Hankel conjecture

by Domingos S. P. Salazar

Order-Moment Transport and Hankel Determinants in Special-Function Inequalities

Positive representations establish that Gamma_q(x+y) is strictly totally positive of infinite order for 0<q<1 and lift related inequalities

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Scalar inequalities in an order parameter often arise as the $2\times2$ shadow of a stronger Hankel determinant statement. We record a moment-representation criterion: positive exponential and Mellin order representations, together with gamma-normalized completely monotone averages, generate totally nonnegative Hankel kernels, with strictness controlled by the support of the representing measure. The criterion packages the classical total-positivity mechanism as a recognition calculus for special-function inequalities, turning the order parameter into a moment exponent after the correct normalization. The applications include three named determinant lifts. First, we prove the positive Jackson $q$-gamma Hankel conjecture of Karp--Vishnyakova--Zhang: for $0<q<1$, the kernel $(x,y)\mapsto\Gamma_q(x+y)$ is $\mathrm{STP}_\infty$. This is an atomic Mellin-moment instance of the general criterion; the reciprocal sign-regularity problem for $1/\Gamma_q$ is separate and is not addressed here. Second, we answer Yang's continuous half-gamma Mills-ratio log-convexity question and strengthen it to strict total positivity, hence to all higher Hankel Turan determinants. Third, we treat Tricomi rays and the one-dimensional Coulomb regularization as all-minor Hankel determinant hierarchies. For the Coulomb regularization, the $2\times2$ minor gives the scalar log-convexity question recorded by Baricz--Pogany, and the full theorem supplies the corresponding all-minor strengthening.
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0
math.CA 2026-07-01

Two minimality criteria for Sturm-Liouville root functions are equivalent

by Yagub N. Aliyev, Narmin N.Aliyeva

Equivalence of the minimality conditions for the root functions of Sturm-Liouville problems with a boundary condition depending linearly on an eigenparameter

This unifies the description of exceptional cases where removing associated functions fails to preserve minimality.

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We study the minimality of the system of root functions associated with a Sturm--Liouville problem whose boundary condition depends linearly on the eigenparameter. Two different criteria for minimality were previously obtained using independent approaches. In this paper, we establish the equivalence of these criteria and provide a unified characterization of the exceptional cases in which the removal of certain associated functions fails to preserve minimality. The theoretical results are illustrated by several examples involving multiple eigenvalues, demonstrating the consistency of the two approaches and clarifying the structure of the corresponding root function systems.
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math.FA 2026-07-01

Even or odd polynomials block Gabor frames at density N+1

by Alexander Ulanovskii, Ilya Zlotnikov

Periodic Non-uniqueness Sets for Shift-invariant Spaces and Parity-Based Obstructions to the Frame Property for Gabor Systems

An explicit algorithm finds such a low-degree window for any N when the lattice has density exactly N+1.

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The goal of this note is twofold. First, we provide explicit examples of periodic (though not necessarily lattice) sets that give rise to Gabor systems failing to form frames. Our constructions depend only on the parity of the window function $g$. Second, for a wide range of finite-dimensional function spaces $V$ we show that $V$ contains a function $g$ such that a lattice of high density fails to generate a Gabor frame. In particular, we prove that the Gr\"ochenig-Lyubarskii theorem is sharp in the finite-dimensional space of polynomials with Gaussian weight. More precisely, for every $N\in\mathbb{N}$ and every $\alpha,\beta>0$ satisfying $\alpha\beta=\frac{1}{N+1}$, we give an explicit algorithm for finding an even or odd polynomial $p$ of degree at most $N$ such that $\mathcal{G}(p(x)e^{-\pi x^2}, \alpha\mathbb{Z} \times \beta\mathbb{Z})$ does not form a frame. The proofs are constructive, elementary, and based on linear algebra.
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math.MG 2026-06-30

Constant-width bodies on spheres stay between two positive ratios

by Abigail Hall, Andriy Prymak +1 more

On the spherical Blaschke-Lebesgue problem

For any fixed w not π/2 the relative effective radius is trapped between explicit bounds strictly above zero and below one as dimension grow

Figure from the paper full image
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The Blaschke-Lebesgue theorem states that the Reuleaux triangle has the smallest area among planar convex bodies of a fixed constant width. We study how small bodies of constant width can be on the unit sphere $\mathbb S^n$ when $n$ is large. For a spherical convex body $K\subset \mathbb S^n$ of constant width $w\in(0,\pi)$, its relative effective radius is \[ \left(\frac{\mu_n(K)}{\mu_n(\mathbb B^n(w/2))}\right)^{1/n}, \] where $\mu_n$ is the spherical $n$-measure and $\mathbb B^n(w/2)$ is a geodesic ball of radius $w/2$. Let $\sigma_n(w)$ be the infimum of the relative effective radius over all spherical bodies of constant width $w$. Define $\underline{\sigma}(w)=\liminf_{n\to\infty}\sigma_n(w)$ and $\overline{\sigma}(w)=\limsup_{n\to\infty}\sigma_n(w)$. For each fixed $w\in(0,\pi)\setminus\{\pi/2\}$, we prove non-trivial bounds \[ 0<\sigma_{\ell}(w)\le \underline{\sigma}(w)\le \overline{\sigma}(w)\le \sigma_u(w)<1, \] where $\sigma_\ell(w)$ and $\sigma_u(w)$ are defined in terms of $w$ either explicitly or through a root of a quartic equation. The upper bounds are obtained by constructing small spherical bodies of constant width: for $w<\pi/2$ by a spherical version of the recent Arman-Bondarenko-Nazarov-Prymak-Radchenko Euclidean construction, and for $w>\pi/2$ by spherical duality. The lower bounds are obtained by generalizing ideas from Schramm's argument for illumination of Euclidean bodies of constant width.
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math.FA 2026-06-30

Fractional operators bounded on generalized Fofana spaces

by Pokou Nagacy, Bérenger Akon Kpata +1 more

Fractional integral and fractional maximal operators on generalized Fofana spaces

Boundedness extends Morrey-type theory and produces new inequalities relating the Riesz potential to generalized fractional integrals.

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Generalized Fofana spaces were recently introduced as generalizations of Fofana spaces and Nakai's generalized Morrey spaces. In this paper, we establish the boundedness properties of the following operators in these spaces: fractional integral operators, fractional maximal operators and generalized fractional integral operators. As a consequence, we obtain generalized Olsen-type inequalities involving the Riesz potential and generalized fractional integral operators.
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math.MG 2026-06-30

Discrete Sobolev space on snowtrees equals continuous version for any partition

by Efstathios-Konstantinos Chrontsios-Garitsis, Vyron Vellis

Sobolev spaces on snowtrees

The quantitative match holds for every partition and all 1<p<∞, even when the trees are ordinary geodesics.

Figure from the paper full image
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We introduce a discrete-energy Sobolev space $\mathcal{W}^{1,p}_{\mathscr V}(T)$ on Ahlfors regular snowtrees, a class of metric trees where every arc is a snowflake of the same type. Our main result shows that, for every partition $\mathscr V$ and every $1<p<\infty$, this discrete space coincides quantitatively with the Korevaar--Schoen space on $T$. This fact and the independence of the space on the particular partition used to define $\mathcal{W}^{1,p}_{\mathscr V}(T)$ are both novel even for the class of geodesic trees. We also determine the critical Korevaar-Schoen exponent for Ahlfors regular snowtrees and prove capacity attainment and upper estimates, which reveal the appropriate walk dimension needed for the corresponding probabilistic profile on these trees.
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math.CA 2026-06-30

Real-analytic weights give sharp Fourier decay for R^3 surface measures

by Michael Greenblatt

Fourier decay and L^p Sobolev smoothing for weighted hypersurface measures in {mathbb R}³

The decay and L^p Sobolev smoothing are fixed by elementary surface and weight properties and recover all earlier smooth-density results.

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We consider local hypersurface measures in ${\mathbb R}^3$ whose density is allowed to have a weight function constructed from real analytic functions in a broad sense. We prove $L^p$ Sobolev smoothing theorems for convolutions with such surface measures and Fourier transform decay rate results for these measures, generalizing and subsuming earlier results for smooth densities. Our theorems are sharp in an appropriate sense and can be described in terms of relatively simple properties of the surfaces and weight functions.
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math-ph 2026-06-30

Sextic oscillator degeneracies match generalized Hermite zeros

by Davide Guzzetti, Dmitrii Rachenkov

Generalized Hermite Polynomials and Spectral Degeneracies of a Singular Sextic Oscillator

Discriminant factorization places level crossings at the poles of rational Painlevé IV solutions

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We study a quasi-exactly solvable singular sextic oscillator and its algebraic spectrum. For a distinguished range of parameters, we prove that the discriminant of the characteristic polynomial of the matrix determining the algebraic spectrum admits a natural factorization into three factors. One of these factors is the square of a generalized Hermite polynomial $H_{m,n}$, whose zeros are poles of a rational solution of the fourth Painlev\'e equation. Hence, the spectral degeneracies (level crossing points) corresponding to a component of the discriminant locus are in exact correspondence with the zeros of generalized Hermite polynomials, providing an exact Painlev\'e IV analogue of the Shapiro--Tater asymptotic correspondence originally conjectured for the quartic oscillator and Painlev\'e II. We also characterize the values of the parameters for which the sextic oscillator admits simultaneously two quasi-polynomial eigenfunctions with opposite exponential behaviour at infinity, and show that this phenomenon is also governed by generalized Hermite polynomials. Our result also yields a new determinantal representation of $H_{m,n}$ as the resultant of the characteristic polynomials of two complementary blocks of the matrix determining the algebraic spectrum.
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math.CA 2026-06-30

Lattice sets with many rectangles counter Mizohata-Takeuchi conjecture

by Jonathan Bennett, Vjekoslav Kovač +2 more

Rectangles, triangles and Schr\"{o}dinger waves

Configurations forming few isosceles triangles obstruct weighted estimates for Schrödinger waves on the paraboloid via periodic-to-Euclidean

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Can a finite set of lattice points determine many rectangles and few isosceles triangles? This turns out to be a surprisingly interesting question in combinatorial geometry that we answer using basic analytic number theory combined with a finite-field construction. The result is useful because it gives obstructions to Mizohata--Takeuchi-type estimates in the setting of the paraboloid. Specifically, we establish transference between Euclidean and periodic weighted $\mathrm{L}^2$ estimates for solutions to the Schr\"{o}dinger equation, and then relate the failure of the latter to quantities tied to combinatorial problems, such as the one above. By completing this programme we give new explicit combinatorial counterexamples to the paraboloid case of the Mizohata--Takeuchi conjecture, which was recently shown to be false by Cairo for curved hypersurfaces.
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math.AP 2026-06-30

Strichartz estimates proven for Liouville density on 1D tori

by Pierre Germain, Mickaël Latocca

Strichartz Estimates for the Liouville Equation on Euclidean Tori and Applications to Kakeya

Optimal range links initial L^a_v L^b_x norms to space-time L^p integrability of the density, enabling Kakeya bounds on cylinders.

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We prove Strichartz estimates for the space-time density $\rho$ of solutions to the free Liouville equation on flat tori. In dimension one, we obtain the optimal range of estimates for the density $\rho \in L^p_{t,x}$ in terms of $f_0 \in L^{a}_vL^{b}_x$. In higher dimensions, we prove that such estimates cannot hold and that a weight has to be added: $\rho$ can be bounded in terms of the norm of $|v|^\gamma f_0$. We conjecture a range of optimal estimates, and partially prove them. Finally, these results have natural applications to the $X$-ray transform and Kakeya problems on Euclidean cylinders.
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math.CO 2026-06-30

Quadratic distances hit positive fraction above size C q^{n/2 + 1/3}

by Tao Zhang

A Delsarte Linear Programming Approach to the ErdH{o}s--Falconer Distance Problem over Finite Fields

Delsarte LP on level-set scheme improves exponent to n/2 + 1/3, so large enough sets realize alpha share of all quadratic values.

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We introduce a Delsarte linear programming approach to the finite field Erd\H{o}s--Falconer distance problem. Let \(q\) be an odd prime power, let \(n\) be even, and let \(Q\) be a non-degenerate quadratic form on \(\mathbb{F}_q^n\). For \(E\subset \mathbb{F}_q^n\), define \[ \Delta_Q(E)=\{Q(x-y):\ x,y\in E\}. \] We prove that, for every fixed \(0<\alpha<\frac{1}{2}\), there exist constants \(C_\alpha>0\) and \(q_\alpha\) such that if \(q\ge q_\alpha\) and $|E|\ge C_\alpha q^{\frac n2+\frac13},$ then \[ |\Delta_Q(E)|>1+\alpha(q-1). \] In particular, \(\Delta_Q(E)\) contains a positive proportion of the elements of \(\mathbb{F}_q\), and hence \(|\Delta_Q(E)|\gg q\). Our result applies uniformly to all non-degenerate quadratic forms in even-dimensional finite field vector spaces. In the Euclidean case \[ Q(x)=x_1^2+\cdots+x_n^2, \] it improves, for every even \(n\ge 4\) over arbitrary finite fields, the general exponent \(\frac{n+1}{2}\) obtained by Iosevich and Rudnev to $\frac n2+\frac13.$ The proof is based on the association scheme arising from the level sets of \(Q\). By analyzing the corresponding eigenvalues through Gauss sums and Kloosterman sums, we construct a suitable feasible solution to the Delsarte linear program. This provides a new algebraic-combinatorial method for obtaining distance set estimates over finite fields.
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math.CA 2026-06-30

Plane set has visible parts 3/2-dimensional in all directions

by Tuomas Orponen

Planar sets with large visible parts

Construction disproves visibility conjecture, and 3/2 is maximal

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I construct a compact subset of the plane whose visible parts are $\tfrac{3}{2}$-dimensional in all directions. This disproves the visibility conjecture. The value $\tfrac{3}{2}$ cannot be increased, as shown in recent collaboration with A. Rutar.
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math.LO 2026-06-29

Equalizers defined uniformly from differential polynomial coefficients

by Julian Ziegler Hunts

Definable Eventual Equalizers

Newton diagram analysis of transseries solutions gains a coefficient-driven construction for its key simplification step.

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The solutions of algebraic differential equations in certain valued differential fields, including the differential field of transseries, can be analyzed using a Newton diagram method. In this paper, we show that (eventual) equalizers, a crucial part of this process, can be obtained uniformly and definably from the coefficients of the input differential polynomials. We also obtain similar definability results for a certain compositional conjugation which is used repeatedly as an intermediate simplification step.
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math.FA 2026-06-29

Wiener amalgam spaces prove Sobolev embeddings with general local norms

by Hans G. Feichtinger

The Concept of Wiener Amalgam Spaces

Extending local components also identifies multipliers from the Wiener algebra to its dual as mild distributions.

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This article concerns Wiener amalgam spaces % , recalls their basic properties and provides some hints about their usefulness in various branches of Harmonic Analysis. Despite the fact that the underlying construction principles % of Wiener amalgam spaces is are quite easy to understand and basic facts follow naturally by simple rules, these spaces have not obtained the same popularity as certain other function spaces which are much more complicated to describe and often just serve a very particular purpose. \newline \indent This situation has motivated the author to provide here a summary of the foundations of the theory of Wiener amalgam spaces (and the motivation behind their construction) and a selection of relevant applications, some 45 years years after the key paper published in 1983. \newline \indent We recall first that the so-called {\it classical Wiener amalgam spaces} using local $\HFLpsp$-norms combined with a global $\HFlqsp$-behaviour are already quite useful, e.g.\ for an improvement of the Hausdorff-Young Theorem with some interesting consequences for Sobolev algebras. However, the main emphasis will be based on the idea of allowing more general local components (describing for example smoothness or membership in the Fourier algebra). This opened the door to the introduction of {\it modulation spaces}, which are now recognized as standard tools in time-frequency analysis. \newline \indent We will demonstrate in this article how Wiener amalgam spaces methods can be used to prove the Sobolev embedding theorem or determine the pointwise multipliers of Sobolev algebras. We also demonstrate that the space of multipliers from the classical Wiener algebra $\HFWCOliRd$ into its dual can be identified with $\HFSOPRd$, the space of mild distributions. }
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math.OC 2026-06-29

Gradient correction drives acceleration in NAG-SC and heavy-ball

by Bin Shi

Modern Theory of Gradient-Based Optimization

High-resolution ODE analysis shows the correction term, not momentum, produces the faster rates and extends to ADMM and minimax problems.

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In this review, we offer a comprehensive survey of emerging techniques in gradient-based optimization, with a particular emphasis on the interplay between ordinary differential equation (ODE) perspectives and their extensions into discrete Lyapunov analysis. We begin by examining the acceleration mechanisms underlying Nesterov's accelerated gradient method for strongly convex functions (NAG-SC) and Polyak's heavy-ball method, identifying the gradient-correction term as the primary driver of acceleration. This mechanistic insight is substantiated through high-resolution ODE modeling and the systematic construction of Lyapunov functions. We then synthesize recent advancements in convex optimization regarding NAG and its proximal generalization, the fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (FISTA). Key topics include the accelerated convergence of gradient norms, underdamped acceleration, linear convergence under strong convexity, and novel Lyapunov frameworks for establishing convergence and monotonicity properties of generalized accelerated methods. Furthermore, we demonstrate how these ODE approximations and Lyapunov techniques can be extended to provide a unified framework for analyzing advanced optimization algorithms, including the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), the primal-dual hybrid gradient (PDHG) method, and their respective accelerated variants. Finally, we discuss recent progress in minimax optimization and outline future directions for extending Lyapunov-based analysis to saddle-point problems.
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math.MG 2026-06-29

Marstrand theorem fails for Assouad spectrum

by Kenneth J. Falconer, Jonathan M. Fraser +1 more

On the Marstrand projection theorem for the Assouad spectrum

The Assouad spectrum of projections of planar sets varies almost surely, unlike their constant Hausdorff dimension.

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Marstrand's projection theorem states that the Hausdorff dimension of the orthogonal projection of a Borel set in the plane onto lines is constant almost surely. This property extends to other notions of dimension, such as box and packing dimensions, but does not hold for the Assouad dimension. In this paper, we show that Marstrand's projection theorem also fails for the quasi-Assouad dimension and the Assouad spectrum, which interpolates between the upper box and quasi-Assouad dimensions. Additionally, we establish an almost sure lower bound for the Assouad spectrum of the projections using capacity-theoretic dimension profiles, and an almost sure upper bound for projections of bounded planar sets via an incidence geometry-inspired tube-counting argument. As an application, for a parametrised family of homogeneous self-similar sets, we obtain an almost sure upper bound for the Assouad spectrum which beats the trivial upper bound coming from the upper box dimension.
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math.CA 2026-06-29

Fourier partial sums converge at sharp rate a.e

by Daniil Masyutin

Estimate of the Rate of Convergence of Fourier Sums for Functions from Lebesgue Classes on a Set of Full Measure

The bound holds on full-measure sets; a counterexample shows the order cannot be improved.

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We obtain an estimate of the rate of convergence on a set of full measure of partial sums of trigonometric Fourier series of functions from Lebesgue classes and construct a counterexample showing the order sharpness of this estimate. We derive a condition for Prinsheim convergence almost everywhere of two-dimensional trigonometric Fourier series of functions from Lebesgue classes in terms of the modulus of continuity.
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math.CA 2026-06-29

Mixed-norm parabolicity on products holds iff effective dim ≤2

by Liguang Liu, Yuhua Sun +1 more

Mixed-Parabolicity and Mixed-Liouville Property for Products of Riemannian Manifolds

The classical equivalence of parabolicity, Green integrability and Liouville property persists in the anisotropic L^{p2}(L^{p1}) setting.

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Let $p_1,p_2\in(1,\infty)$ and $M=M_1\times M_2$ be the product of two geodesically complete Riemannian manifolds. In this paper, the authors first develop an anisotropic potential-theoretic framework adapted to the Green operator $G^M$ and the mixed-norm Lebesgue space $L^{p_2}(L^{p_1})(M)$, and then demonstrate that the classical equivalence among \emph{parabolicity}, \emph{Green function integrability}, and \emph{Liouville property} persists in this genuinely anisotropic setting. More precisely, the authors establish the following equivalence: $M$ is $L^{p_2}(L^{p_1})$-parabolic if and only if the Green function $G^M(x;\,\cdot\,)$ fails to belong to $L^{p_2'}(L^{p_1'})(M \setminus B(x,\,r))$, which is in turn equivalent to the $L^{p_2'}(L^{p_1'})$-Liouville property, where $p_i'$ denotes the conjugate exponent of $p_i$. Under a weak radial Harnack-type inequality -- in particular, under Li--Yau heat kernel estimates, and hence for products of manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature -- these conditions are further equivalent to the divergence of the nonlinear mixed-potential $\mathcal{G}_{p_1,p_2}(f)$ for every nonzero nonnegative $f\in {\mathcal C}_c^\infty(M)$. A key feature of this anisotropic theory is its sensitivity to the geometry of each factor \(M_i\), rather than merely to that of the total manifold \(M\). In contrast to the isotropic case, where parabolicity and the classical Liouville property holds on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) precisely when \(n \le 2\), the anisotropic setting exhibits a refined threshold: the \(L^{p_2}(L^{p_1})\)-parabolicity and the \(L^{p_2'}(L^{p_1'})\)-Liouville property holds on \(\mathbb{R}^{n_1} \times \mathbb{R}^{n_2}\) if and only if $ D_{\mathrm{eff}} := \frac{n_1}{p_1} + \frac{n_2}{p_2} \le 2. $ This effective dimension $D_{\mathrm{eff}}$ captures the anisotropic interplay between the exponents \(p_1, p_2\) and the geometries of \(M_1, M_2\).
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math.CO 2026-06-29

k-antichains reach exact measure k n in unit cube

by John M. Campbell

On a conjecture on k-antichains in the unit n-cube

Proves that sets intersecting every chain in at most k points can have (n-1)-Hausdorff measure exactly k n

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Let $[0, 1]^{n} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^{n}$ be endowed with its pointwise order, and let $k$ be a positive integer. A subset $A$ of $[0, 1]^{n}$ is said to be a \emph{$k$-antichain} if $\operatorname{card}(A \cap C) \leq k$ for each chain $C \subseteq [0, 1]^{n}$. Letting $\mathcal{H}^{m}$ denote the $m$-dimensional Hausdorff outer measure, Pelekis and Vlas\'{a}k [Publ.\ Math.\ Debrecen, 2020] conjectured that there exists a $k$-antichain $A \subseteq [0, 1]^{n}$ satisfying $\mathcal{H}^{n-1}(A) = k n$, and proved the special case of this conjecture for $n = 2$, whereas Janzer [Mathematika, 2020] proved the $k = 1$ case of Pelekis and Vlas\'{a}k's conjecture. This conjecture is motivated by a result due to Erd\H{o}s on $k$-antichains in $\{ 0, 1 \}^{n}$. We prove Pelekis and Vlas\'{a}k's conjecture in full generality, thus establishing that their upper bound $\mathcal{H}^{n-1}(A) \leq k n$ is sharp for $k$-antichains $A$ in $[0, 1]^{n}$.
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nlin.SI 2026-06-29

Real Painlevé III solutions switch asymptotics at ϰ=1

by Kenta Miyahara, Maxim L. Yattselev

Transition asymptotics for the real solutions of the sinh-Gordon Painlev\'e III equation

A scaling |p|^2 = 1 + e^{2ϰ x} connects singular and smooth cases with elliptic behavior for ϰ between 0 and 1.

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We consider solutions of the sinh-Gordon Painlev\'e III equation \[ u_{xx} + \frac{1}{x} u_x = \sinh u \] that are real on $(0,\infty)$. They are parametrized by the monodromy parameter $p\in\overline{\mathbb{C}}$, $|p|>1$, and an additional real parameter $s^{\mathbb{R}}$ when $p=\infty$. Our previous joint work with A. Its described the asymptotic behavior of these solutions as $x\to\infty$. Here, we describe the transition as $x, p\to \infty$, $2\Im(p)=-s^{\mathbb R}$, between singular solutions ($|p|<\infty$) and smooth solutions ($p=\infty$). In short, if we parametrize $|p|^2 = 1 + e^{2\varkappa x}$, then the smooth exponential asymptotics of the solutions extends to the region $\varkappa>1$, with a change of the leading order term at $\varkappa=2$; at $\varkappa=1$ the exponential behavior transitions into an elliptic asymptotics, which holds for all $0<\varkappa<1$; as $\varkappa$ decays to zero, elliptic asymptotics degenerates into trigonometric one, which holds for all $p$ fixed.
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math.CA 2026-06-29

Kernels approximate beyond native space on manifolds

by Thomas Hangelbroek, Christian Rieger +1 more

Kernel approximation beyond the native space -- with applications to approximation on manifolds

Generalized scheme targets integral operator range to control errors in higher Sobolev norms.

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This article treats kernel approximation and interpolation on embedded manifolds of $\mathbb{R}^N$using restrictions of positive and conditionally positive definite kernels. The main challenge is to develop an approximation theory that treats error measured in highly regular smoothness spaces relative to the kernel. This means that the order of smoothness is higher than that of the kernel's associated native space (in the positive definite case, the reproducing kernel Hilbert space generated by the kernel). This prevents the use of standard techniques for controlling error in this setting, especially RKHS space arguments like orthogonality of the interpolation projector, or bounds using the {\em power function}. We generalize an approximation scheme introduced by DeVore and Ron which treats target functions that are in the range of the kernel's integral operator. In the case of embedded manifolds, this generalization is now feasible due to recently developed local polynomial reproductions for certain submanifolds of $\mathbb{R}^N$. Furthermore, we give sufficient conditions on kernel and manifold which allow the range of the integral operator to be precisely identified: in particular, guaranteeing that the range is a Sobolev space. Finally, we provide new kernel-based Bernstein inequalities for embedded manifolds which lead to estimates for interpolation in Sobolev spaces compactly contained in the native space.
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math.CA 2026-06-29

Rigidity theorem holds for Carleson tent spaces via traces

by Árpád Bényi, Bingyang Hu +1 more

On the Bourgain--Brezis--Mironescu spaces over Carleson tents

Mean oscillation over upper Carleson tents yields spaces whose natural trace restores the Bourgain-Brezis-Mironescu rigidity property.

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We introduce Carleson analogs of the Bourgain--Brezis--Mironescu spaces $B$ and $B_0$ by measuring mean oscillation over upper Carleson tents. For these spaces, denoted by $B_{\mathcal C}^p$ and $B_{\mathcal C,0}^p$, we prove two types of structural results. First, we show that they contain several natural classes of functions, including BMO/VMO--Carleson spaces, tent-space potential classes, and fractional Sobolev classes. Second, motivated by Zhu's structural theorem for BMO spaces induced by the Bergman metric, we establish decompositions of $B_{\mathcal C}^p$ and $B_{\mathcal C,0}^p$ into bounded-oscillation and bounded-average components. We then revisit the Bourgain--Brezis--Mironescu rigidity phenomenon in the Carleson setting. Although the direct rigidity statement fails for $B_{\mathcal C,0}^p$, we introduce a natural $B_{\mathcal C}^p$-trace and prove that the rigidity theorem survives at the level of traces.
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math-ph 2026-06-29

South-East rule picks contributing saddles in complex integrals

by Inês Aniceto, Job Feldbrugge +1 more

Which Saddles Contribute? The South-East Rule for Multidimensional Integrals

Geometric test in Borel plane with adjacency data avoids flow computations required by Picard-Lefschetz methods

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In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate a simple geometric algorithm to determine which critical points, both complex as well as real, contribute to the asymptotic evaluation of multiple integrals with exponential integrands of the form $e^{ikf(\boldsymbol{x})}$ over $\mathbb R^d$, for finite $d\ge 1$ and $f$ is analytic. In so doing, the algorithm removes the need to compute the flows of $-\text{Re} (i\nabla f)$ in $\mathbb C^d$ that is required to identify such relevant critical points in Picard-Lefschetz approaches to the derivation of such asymptotic expansions. By contrast, our algorithm relies on the combination of three simple features: the values of $f$ at all the critical points plotted in the complex Borel plane, the concept of adjacency between such points derived from algebraic resurgence/hyperasymptotic approaches and the new result here of a geometric "South-East" rule. The algorithm incorporates functions $f$ that remain bounded or unbounded on $\mathbb R^d$. We illustrate this new approach with both pedagogical and advanced examples, and draw conclusions as to its importance for resolving issues associated with Wick rotations and its implications for path integrals. This is a significant step towards a systematic way of identifying instanton contributions in real-time path integrals.
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math.CA 2026-06-26

Formulas reduce multiple orthogonal polynomials to standard ones

by Roozbeh Gharakhloo, Maksim Kosmakov +1 more

Reduction of Multiple Orthogonal Polynomials to Standard Orthogonal Polynomials

Explicit reductions apply on the real line and unit circle and recover known random-matrix kernels as special cases.

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In this article, we derive explicit formulae expressing multiple orthogonal polynomials in terms of standard orthogonal polynomials. We treat both the real-line and unit-circle settings: multiple orthogonal polynomials on the real line (MOPRL) are reduced to orthogonal polynomials on the real line (OPRL), while multiple orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle (MOPUC) are reduced to orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle (OPUC). These formulae also yield corresponding reductions of the Christoffel--Darboux kernels, from the MOPRL kernel to the OPRL kernel and from the MOPUC kernel to the OPUC kernel. In particular, they recover Zinn-Justin's kernel for the external-source random matrix model [arXiv:cond-mat/9703033] and Baik's kernel reduction formula in the spiked source model [arXiv:0809.3970]. We also apply our general results to concrete examples: in the real-line setting, we obtain an explicit expression for the multiple Hermite Christoffel--Darboux kernel in terms of classical Hermite polynomials, while in the unit-circle setting, we use arc-indicator weights to exhibit resonance-type zero escape phenomena for type II MOPUC.
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math.DS 2026-06-26

Lyapunov conditions track moving equilibria when drift is integrable

by Hassan Saoud

Equilibria in Motion: Stability, Tracking, and Convergence

Dissipation and energy-distance comparisons give stability, bounds, and convergence transfer to a Hausdorff limit set in nonautonomous syste

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We study the stability, tracking, and convergence of nonautonomous systems with time-varying nonisolated equilibrium sets. A Lyapunov framework based on coupled dissipation channels is developed to analyze the evolution of trajectories relative to a moving equilibrium family whose variation is quantified by an equilibrium speed measured through local Hausdorff estimates. Under suitable dissipation and energy--distance comparison conditions, we establish Lyapunov stability, quantitative tracking bounds, asymptotic tracking under integrable equilibrium drift, and an input-to-state stability estimate relative to the moving equilibrium family. We further show that integrable equilibrium speed implies the existence of a limiting equilibrium geometry obtained through local Hausdorff convergence of the equilibrium sets and that convergence to the moving equilibrium family can be transferred to convergence relative to the limiting equilibrium set. Quantitative convergence estimates are also derived. The theory is illustrated by a dynamic resource allocation model with time-varying demand.
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0
cs.LG 2026-06-26

Hausdorff distance sets identifiability bounds for ODE recovery

by Yang Pan, Helmut Bölcskei

Recovering Governing Equations from Solution Data: Identifiability Bounds for Linear and Nonlinear ODEs

Solution-set distance shows when distinct linear or nonlinear equations can be told apart from observations

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Learning governing equations from observed solution data is a fundamental challenge in scientific machine learning, yet the theoretical conditions under which a ground-truth ODE can be uniquely and stably identified from multiple solution observations remain largely undeveloped, and no quantitative analysis of the sample complexity of such learning tasks exists in the literature. To address this gap, we introduce the Hausdorff distance on solution sets as the natural metric for comparing differential equations, since it captures the worst-case separation between two equations over all admissible initial conditions and thus encodes the minimax structure of the identification problem. We establish identifiability bounds for governing ODEs across a wide class of structure equations--ranging from linear ODEs to nonlinear classes with Lipschitz (H\"older)-continuous vector fields--characterizing precisely when two distinct equations can be distinguished from solution data. Using this metric, we derive metric entropy estimates for the relevant ODE classes and analyze sample complexity bounds, quantifying how many solution observations are needed to reliably recover the governing equation.
0
0
math.CA 2026-06-26

Maximal resonant Carleson-Radon operator bounded on L^p for 1<p<∞

by Martin Hsu, Victor Lie

On the resonant Carleson-Radon transform in all dimensions. The degree one resonant case

Degree-one resonance with a maximal parabolic-scaling subspace yields the full range of boundedness in every dimension.

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In this paper, we provide the resolution of the degree one resonant case in all dimensions. Our main result reads as follows: for any dimension $D\geq 1$ set $\mathbf{X}(\mathbf{t})=(\mathbf{t},|\mathbf{t}|^2),\; \mathbf{t}\in\mathbb{R}^D$, and let $K(\mathbf{t})$ be any suitable translation invariant Calder\'on--Zygmund kernel. If $\mathbb{V}\leq\mathbb{R}^{D+1}$ is any linear subspace such that $ \exists\:\:\mathbf{v}_0\in\mathbb{R}^D\times\{0\}$ nontrivial with $\mathbf{v}_0\perp\mathbb{V}$ then the following (maximal) Carleson-Radon transform $CR^\ast_{\mathbb{V}}$ is $L^p(\mathbb{R}^{D+1})-$bounded in the maximal range $1<p<\infty$, where $$CR^\ast_{\mathbb{V}} f(\mathbf{x}):= \sup_{\begin{array}{c} \scriptstyle 0<r<R<\infty \cr \scriptstyle \mathbf{a}\in\mathbb{V} \end{array}} \left| \int_{r<|\mathbf{t}|\leq R} f\left(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{X}(\mathbf{t})\right) e\left(\mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{X}(\mathbf{t})\right) K(\mathbf{t}) d \mathbf{t} \right|.$$ The above choice for $\mathbb{V}$ creates a maximal linear subspace of $\mathbb{R}^{D+1}$ closed under parabolic scaling for which - $CR^\ast_{\mathbb{V}}$ is degree one resonant, and - $CR^\ast_{\mathbb{V}}$ is not degree two (or higher) resonant. The proof of the above result unravels several new manifestations and ideas meant to capture the remarkable features of the resonant Carleson-Radon behavior.
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math.CA 2026-06-26

Parabolic dimension of projections bounded below for almost every plane

by Terence L. J. Harris, Pertti Mattila

On the parabolic Hausdorff dimension of orthogonal projections

Borel sets in R^n × R retain a definite parabolic Hausdorff dimension under generic orthogonal projections onto m-planes.

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For Borel sets $A\subset \mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}$ we prove lower bounds for the parabolic Hausdorff dimension of the orthogonal projections of $A$ on generic $m$-dimensional linear subspaces of $\mathbb{R}^n\times \mathbb{R}$.
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0
math.CA 2026-06-26

Bilinear rough integrals bounded under fractional kernel condition

by Binwei Dan, Moyan Qin +1 more

Bilinear rough singular integrals under a fractional geometric condition

The angular kernel satisfies a weaker integrability than L^q or Orlicz spaces yet still produces bounded operators and their maximal forms.

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We establish the Banach-range boundedness of bilinear rough singular integral operators, together with their maximal and maximally truncated forms, under the fractional geometric condition on the mean-zero angular kernel \[ \sup_{\xi \in \mathbb{S}^{1}}\int_{\mathbb{S}^{1}} \frac{|\Omega(\theta)|}{|\theta \cdot \xi|^{a}} \, d\sigma(\theta) < \infty, \qquad \frac12 < a < 1. \] This condition imposes integrability strictly weaker than the $L^q(\mathbb{S}^1) (q>1)$ constraints considered by Grafakos, He, Honz\'ik (Adv. Math., 2018), Dosidis and Slav\'ikov\'a (Math. Ann., 2024), while defining a class of functions that is neither contained in nor contains the classical Orlicz space $L(\log L)^\alpha(\mathbb{S}^1) $ ($\alpha>1$). Our proof avoids traditional wavelet decompositions of the multiplier, instead using local Fourier series expansions of the input functions.
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math.SP 2026-06-26

Wave kernels on trees written as finite I-Bessel sums

by Amar Bašić, Lejla Smajlović +1 more

Discrete Space-Time Wave Kernels on Regular Trees

Nonnegativity on the generalized Laplacian yields convolution solutions and a J-Bessel form at the spectral bottom.

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We study the forward discrete space-time wave equation on the homogeneous $(q+1)$-regular tree $T_{q+1}$ associated with a two-parameter generalized Laplacian. Under the natural nonnegativity assumption on this operator, we derive explicit formulas for the two fundamental wave kernels. The formulas are given in terms of discrete $I$-Bessel functions and yield convolution representations for solutions with general initial conditions. In the boundary case corresponding to the bottom of the spectrum, we obtain another explicit representation of the wave kernel in terms of discrete $J$-Bessel functions. This representation leads to a discrete analogue of the classical $I\!\leftrightarrow\!J$ relation. We also perform both analytic and numerical studies of the asymptotic behavior of the wave kernels, including large radial distance, large time, and large degree of the tree. An important feature of our analysis is that the wave kernels are expressed as finite sums; hence, the propagation formulas remain finite for every discrete time.
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0
math.CO 2026-06-26

Wave kernels on graphs equal Bessel functions of walk counts

by Amar Bašić, Lejla Smajlović +1 more

Discrete Space-Time Wave Kernels and Trace Identities on Regular Graphs

This yields trace identities and closed forms for twisted trigonometric and Chebyshev sums on regular graphs.

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We study the discrete space-time wave equation on a $(q+1)$-regular graph $X$ associated with the affine Laplace-type operator. For the forward time-difference scheme we derive explicit formulas for the two fundamental solutions (wave kernels) in terms of discrete modified Bessel functions and the non-backtracking walk counts on $X$ thus providing a direct and explicit link between wave propagation and combinatorial graph data. Utilizing uniqueness property of the wave kernel, we prove a new trace-type formula associated to the affine Laplace-type operator on $X$ and apply it to deduce many combinatorial identities. For example, we derive a closed-form expression for evaluation of some trigonometric sums twisted by an additive character as well as evaluations of finite sums of Chebyshev polynomials twisted by binomial coefficients.
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0
math.DS 2026-06-26

Lattice estimates yield power loss for Mizohata-Takeuchi conjecture

by Inbo Gottlieb Fenves

Cusp Excursions, Lattice Points on Manifolds, and the Mizohata-Takeuchi Conjecture

New proofs use random unimodular lattices to give explicit bounds and prove genericity in C^k.

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We prove new logarithm laws for cusp excursions in spaces of lattices, and produce quantitative lower bounds for lattice points near submanifolds, using tools from dynamics and the geometry of numbers. As an application, we provide a new proof of power loss for the local Mizohata-Takeuchi conjecture with explicit error terms, as well as show that power loss is generic in $C^k$. The construction uses high-dimensional probabilistic estimates, but replaces the random orthogonal subspaces of Cairo-Zhang with random unimodular lattices; this yields stronger bounds and provides a richer family of counterexamples.
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math.CA 2026-06-26

Entropy and cohesion flows evolve graph edge weights globally

by Juan Zhao, Jicheng Ma +2 more

Evolving edge weights via local entropy flow and cohesion flow on graphs

Proven unique solutions and asymptotic analysis support competitive results in community detection and node classification.

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In this paper, we first propose two different quantities on graphs, namely local entropy and cohesion, then design two corresponding flows for edge weights: the local entropy flow and the cohesion flow. We establish the global existence and uniqueness of solutions for both flows and investigate their asymptotic behaviors, including the case that the limit goes to positive infinity. Moreover, they can be applied to fundamental network analysis tasks, including community detection and node classification. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that our method achieves performance competitive with Ollivier Ricci flow and Lin-Lu-Yau Ricci flow on benchmark network analysis tasks. In experimental scenarios, we first apply the cohesion flow to evolve the edge weights of the graph, and then apply the local entropy flow to further update the resulting weighted graph. Both flows are computationally efficient, leading to a significant reduction in overall computational cost and improved scalability.
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0
math.CA 2026-06-26

Fractional Bessel operator yields chromatic reconstruction of spherical means

by M. Chegaar, Á. P. Horváth

Chromatic expansion with Bessel operator of fractional order

Spectral square-root definition supplies recovery formulas for bandlimited cases once inverse Hankel transforms are explicit, with convergen

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This paper develops a Bessel-chromatic expansion framework associated with fractional powers of the Bessel-Laplace operator. The construction combines methods of weighted polynomial approximation and of fractional differential operators. Using the spectral representation of $(-\Delta_a)^{\frac{1}{2}}$, we define Bessel-chromatic derivatives and apply them to weighted spherical means both at a general point and at the origin. Different classes of weights on finite and infinite intervals are considered, with particular attention to cases where the inverse Hankel transform is explicit. The convergence of the expansions is studied through Ces\`aro and de la Vall\'ee Poussin means. In the bandlimited case, the method gives reconstruction formulas for weighted spherical means and, under suitable assumptions, recovery formulas for the original function. Numerical examples illustrate the decay of the Bessel-chromatic coefficients and the accuracy of the corresponding reconstructions.
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0
math.CA 2026-06-26

Hypergeometric formulas select longest and shortest cubic roots

by Jason Bland, Skip Garibaldi +1 more

The longest and shortest roots of a real cubic

They identify the extreme-absolute-value roots of depressed real cubics using real arithmetic only, when such roots are unique.

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There are many formulas in the literature providing roots of a real cubic that avoid some of the well-known pathologies of Cardano's formulas. Among these, we identify two that consistently provide the unique roots of a depressed cubic that have the greatest and smallest absolute value, whenever those exist. We call these the longest and shortest roots. The existence conditions are elementary and are in terms of the signs of the coefficients and the discriminant. Our proofs use two algebraic identities satisfied by hypergeometric functions; once the standard real branches are fixed, the root comparisons are entirely real. As an application, the longest-root formula gives an explicit factorization of all but a vanishing proportion of depressed real quartics.
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0
math.AP 2026-06-26

Multilinear oscillatory bounds reach sharp endpoints and drop logs from 3D spectral cluste

by Shengwen Gan, Cheng Zhang +1 more

Sharp endpoint multilinear estimates for oscillatory integrals and spectral clusters

The result gives log-free bilinear cluster estimates on every closed three-dimensional manifold and sharp multilinear versions for all k and

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We prove sharp $k$-linear $L^p$ estimates for Carleson--Sj\"olin oscillatory integral operators with arbitrary separated frequency scales for all $k\ge 2$ and $1\le p\le \infty$. The estimates are sharp, including the endpoint logarithmic behavior for general Carleson--Sj\"olin phases. Moreover, we obtain log-free endpoint bilinear spectral cluster estimates on every closed three-dimensional Riemannian manifold, resolving a problem of Burq--G\'erard--Tzvetkov. As a consequence, we establish sharp $k$-linear $L^p$ spectral cluster estimates for all $k\ge 2$ and $1\le p\le \infty$.
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0
math.CA 2026-06-26

Analytic proof shows geometric Brascamp-Lieb data dense

by Mirei Watanabe

An analytic approach to the ubiquity of geometric Brascamp-Lieb data

Density result holds for both standard and quiver versions by adapting prior foundational work.

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The ubiquity of geometric Brascamp-Lieb data, which means a certain kind of density of geometric data in the set of all feasible Brascamp-Lieb data has been studied recently. Relying substantially on the work of Dvir and Hu, we provide an analytic proof of ubiquity. Our argument also extends to the setting of quiver Brascamp-Lieb data.
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0
math.CA 2026-06-25

Bickley-Naylor functions form four-dimensional span over polynomials

by Anthony Ruffa, Bourama Toni

A Finitely Generated Module Representation of the Bickley-Naylor Functions

A 3x3 system yields explicit forms for low orders and a recurrence extends them, expressing all as polynomial multiples of modified Bessel a

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We present a novel and non-standard derivation of the Bickley-Naylor functions $Ki_n, n\in\mathbb{N}_0.$ A $3\times 3$ system of equations is developed, the solution of which yields new explicit expressions for the Bickley-Naylor functions $Ki_2$, $Ki_3$, and $Ki_4$. Using a recurrence relation, expressions follow for any other order of Bickley-Naylor functions. We then characterize the infinite set of $Ki_n, n\in\mathbb{N}_0$ as a four-dimensional span of modified Bessel and Struve functions over the ring of real polynomials, thus providing a new computational and modeling tool for studying and applying the Bickley-Naylor functions
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0
math.CA 2026-06-25

Tb theorem holds for CZ operators in any dimension

by Marina Fernàndez-Vilaseca

A Tb type theorem for suppressed kernels

Non-homogeneous version applies without antisymmetry via suppressed kernels and averaging

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In this article, a non-homogeneous $Tb$ type theorem for arbitrary dimensional Calder\'on-Zygmund singular integral operators is proved. This is an extension of an analogous non-homogeneous $Tb$ theorem for the Cauchy transform, in the planar setting, due to Nazarov, Treil and Volberg. The novelties of the present work are the change of dimension and the fact that the operators to which the theorem applies are not necessarily antisymmetric. The techniques used in the proof include, among others, suppressed kernels, decompositions in $L^2(\mu)$, where $\mu$ is a Radon measure in $\mathbb{R}^d$, and a probabilistic argument resulting from taking averages of the operators involved.
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math.CA 2026-06-25

Diamond points yield first negative quadratic in sphere energy bound

by Pedro R. López-Gómez

Riesz 2-energy of the Diamond ensemble

Explicit expected-energy formula for one parameter choice produces an asymptotic expansion whose quadratic term is negative, tightening the

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We study the Riesz $2$-energy of point configurations on the two-dimensional sphere arising from the Diamond ensemble, a construction of well-distributed points introduced by Beltr\'an and Etayo in 2020. For this family of point sets, we derive an explicit formula for the expected $2$-energy, valid for general choices of the parameters. Using this formula, we analyze a specific realization of the Diamond ensemble and obtain the asymptotic expansion of its expected $2$-energy. As a consequence, we establish a new upper bound for the minimal Riesz $2$-energy on the sphere, improving upon all previously known upper bounds. In particular, our result yields, for the first time, a negative coefficient in the quadratic term of the asymptotic expansion, bringing the upper bound significantly closer to the conjectured constant.
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0
math.CA 2026-06-25

2+1D Dym extension reduces to Painlevé II for exact Stefan solutions

by Colin Rogers, Pablo Amster

A novel 2+1-dimensional extended Dym equation: moving boundary problems solvable via Painlev\'e II symmetry reduction

The symmetry reduction supplies closed-form solutions for a class of moving-boundary problems in the extended equation.

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A novel 2+1-dimensional extension of the solitonic Dym equation is shown to admit a Painlev\'e II symmetry reduction which permits the exact solution of a class of Stefan-type moving boundary problems.
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math.CA 2026-06-25

Jacobi polynomials satisfy P(1)-P(x) ≥ P'(x)(1-x) for select α,β

by Geno Nikolov

An inequality for Jacobi polynomials: a complement to Finite Increment Theorem

The bound on [0,1] complements the finite increment theorem when α ≥ β ≥ 1/2 or α ≥ 1/2 and β = -1/2.

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Let $P=P_n^{(\alpha,\beta)}$ be the $n$-th degree Jacobi polynomial, which is orthogonal in $[-1,1]$ with respect to the weight function $(1-x)^{\alpha}(1+x)^{\beta}$, $\alpha,\beta>-1$. For parameters $(\alpha,\beta)$ satisfying either $\alpha\geq\beta\geq 1/2$ or $\alpha\geq 1/2$, $\beta=-1/2$, we prove the inequality $$ P(1)-P(x)\geq P^{\prime}(x)\,(1-x),\quad x\in [0,1], $$ which may be viewed as a complement to Finite Increment Theorem for Jacobi polynomials.
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0
math.CA 2026-06-25

Littlewood roots form dragon curve fractals

by Marcus Michelen, Oren Yakir

Dragon curves in Littlewood roots

An iterated function system explains the fractal patterns appearing away from the unit circle.

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A Littlewood polynomial is a polynomial whose coefficients lie in $\{- 1, +1\}$. While the majority of roots of a Littlewood polynomial of large degree are near the unit circle, numerical experiments suggest that when plotting the roots of \emph{all} Littlewood polynomials of a given large degree, striking fractal structures appear away from the unit circle. These fractals resemble the attractor of a certain iterated function system and are known as \emph{dragon curves}. In this note, we provide a rigorous explanation of this phenomenon, along with an analysis of a random variant, saying that such fractal behavior is typical.
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math.CA 2026-06-24

Max codim of m-dim Salem submanifold fixed by Radon-Hurwitz numbers

by Jacob Denson

The Maximum Codimension of a Salem Submanifold

A covering condition by stationary Fourier sets determines the largest codimension and shows only hypersurfaces work in odd dimensions.

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We determine a geometric condition necessary and sufficient for an $m$-dimensional manifold in Euclidean space to support a probability measure $\mu$ satisfying the Fourier decay bound $|\widehat{\mu}(\zeta)| \lesssim_\varepsilon |\zeta|^{\varepsilon - m/2}$ for all $\varepsilon > 0$. As a result, for each $m > 0$, we explicitly determine the largest codimension of an $m$-dimensional smooth submanifold $M$ of Euclidean space which is a Salem set. This largest codimension is precisely expressible in terms of the Radon-Hurwitz numbers. In particular, we find that the only odd dimensional manifolds which can be Salem sets are hypersurfaces, and that the largest codimension of an $m$-dimensional manifold which is a Salem set is upper bounded by $2 \lg(m/2) + 3$, and equal to $2 \lg(m/2) + 3$ when $m$ is a power of 16. The proof strategy, which involves covering manifolds by certain stationary sets associated with the Fourier transform on that manifold, is robust, and we demonstrate its use by proving that all nondegenerate curves in $\mathbf{R}^n$ have Fourier dimension equal to $2/n$, and find an alternate proof of a result of Junjie Zhu on the Fourier dimension of hypersurfaces with a fixed number of vanishing principal curvatures.
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math-ph 2026-06-24

Subleading growing term appears in Ising autocorrelation asymptotics

by Noah Hout, Kenta Miyahara +2 more

Long-time asymptotics of the autocorrelation function of the transverse Ising chain at the critical magnetic field Revisited

Refinement of the Deift-Zhou result gives a more precise long-time expansion for the transverse Ising chain at criticality.

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Following the work of Deift and Zhou (DOI:10.1007/978-1-4615-2474-8_15), we analyze the long-time asymptotics of the autocorrelation function of the transverse Ising chain at the critical magnetic field (a special case of the spin-$\frac12$ XY model in a magnetic field) via the associated Riemann-Hilbert problem. We refine the original Deift-Zhou's result by determining the subleading growing term in the asymptotics.
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math.CV 2026-06-24

Disk-growth Remez principle modularizes Turán-Nazarov proof

by Omer Friedland

A Disk-Growth Remez Principle and a Modular Proof of the Measurable Tur\'an-Nazarov Inequality

Geometric-mean induction on the full measurable set yields the sharp exponent m-1 using only the classical interval inequality.

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We give a modular proof of the measurable Tur\'an-Nazarov inequality for exponential polynomials. The proof first establishes a Remez principle for holomorphic functions satisfying two disk-growth assumptions. The global growth assumption controls the number of relevant zeros, while the local growth assumption gives an effective degree. This yields Cartan coverings, sublevel estimates, and a geometric-mean Remez inequality. For exponential polynomials with bounded spectral diameter, the required disk growth follows from the classical interval Tur\'an inequality. For large spectral diameter, we use a first-order pruning step. If $\rho = \diam(\spec p)$ and $a\in\spec p$, then $$ Q_a = \rho^{-1}(D-a)p $$ has one fewer exponential term, and the quotient $Q_a/p$ satisfies an absolute weak distribution estimate away from the zero set of $p$. Writing $$ Q_a = \rho^{-1}(D-a)p, \quad Q_b = \rho^{-1}(D-b)p $$ for two farthest spectral points $a,b$ gives $$ Q_a-Q_b = \frac{b-a}{\rho}p, \quad |b-a| = \rho, $$ and hence $|p|\le |Q_a|+|Q_b|$. The induction is carried out in geometric-mean form on the original measurable set. This avoids losing a fixed proportion of the set at each step and gives the classical measurable Tur\'an-Nazarov inequality with the sharp algebraic exponent $m-1$. The final measurable $L^\infty$ estimate is classical; the point here is the modular proof and the geometric-mean induction. The only Tur\'an-type input is the classical interval Tur\'an inequality.
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math.AP 2026-06-24

C² solution to inhomogeneous Jordan-von Neumann equation equals explicit integral of g_xx

by Alexandra Paicu, Dorian Popa +1 more

An integral formula for the inhomogeneous Jordan--von Neumann equation

Existence requires only that g itself be C² and obey one three-variable cocycle identity.

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We study the inhomogeneous form of the Jordan--von Neumann quadratic functional equation, in which the right-hand side is a prescribed function $g$ of two real variables. We prove that the existence of a $C^{2}$ solution is equivalent to $g$ being itself of class $C^{2}$ and satisfying a single three-variable cocycle identity, and we exhibit the solution as a closed-form integral expression involving the second partial derivative of $g $ along the first coordinate axis. The construction preserves regularity along the standard scale of $C^{k}$, smooth, and polynomial classes.
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math.CA 2026-06-24

Square function plus weak flatness implies rectifiability

by Benjamin Jaye, Tobias Wang

The Usual Square Function on Weakly Flat Sets

Finite Radon measures with controlled upper density become rectifiable under these conditions without Ahlfors-David regularity.

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We study the usual square function estimate associated with the Cauchy single-layer kernel in the plane, without assuming Ahlfors-David regularity. We prove that a finite Radon measure with positive and finite upper density is rectifiable if it satisfies the usual square function estimate and a weak flatness condition. We also prove that, under the same finiteness and density hypotheses, the weak flatness condition follows when the support is contained in a locally two-sided NTA curve. As a corollary, rectifiability follows when the support is contained in a quasicircle.
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math.AG 2026-06-24

Khovanskii bound on Pfaffian zeros shown asymptotically tight

by Terence Bickerton, Joseph Harrison +4 more

On the Sharpness of Khovanskii's Bezout-type Bound for Pfaffian Functions

Explicit constructions reach alpha^s and beta^{n+s} many real solutions, matching the upper-bound growth rates

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Khovanskii's theorem gives a Bezout-type upper bound for the number of isolated real solutions of a system of $n$ Pfaffian equations in $n$ variables in terms of three complexity parameters: the chain-degree $\alpha$, the degrees $\beta_i$ of the Pfaffian functions, and the order $s$ of the underlying Pfaffian chain. Despite its fundamental role in Pfaffian geometry and o-minimality, little is known about the sharpness of this bound. We investigate the theorem from a parameter-by-parameter perspective. We show that its dependence on the chain-degree $\alpha$ is asymptotically sharp by constructing, for every $\alpha,s \in \mathbb{N}$, a Pfaffian function of format $(\alpha,1,s)$ with at least $\alpha^s$ nondegenerate real zeros. We also show that its dependence on the degrees $\beta_i$ is asymptotically sharp: for fixed $n$ and $s$, we construct Pfaffian systems having $\Omega_{n,s}(\beta^{n+s})$ regular common zeros, matching the order of growth predicted by Khovanskii's theorem as $\beta\to\infty$.
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math.DS 2026-06-24

Parameter drift pushes trajectories toward chaos

by Eran Igra, Valerii Sopin +1 more

When Entropy flows: drifting along the route to Chaos

The Entropy flow augments any one-parameter family with a drift that drives initial conditions into more disordered states along standard ro

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Consider a smooth one-parameter family of vector fields defined over some smooth manifold transitions from order into chaos. Inspired by the Second law of Thermodynamics, one is led to ask: can we find a flow whose dynamics realize this transition? To answer this question, motivated by the Mallet-Yorke Orbit Index theory, the Arnold-Khesin scheme for hydrodynamics and a heuristic argument by Rene Thom, we introduce a construction that transforms any one-parameter family of vector fields into a new object: the "Entropy flow". The Entropy flow is a flow defined on the product of the phase space with the parameter space and is best thought of as a flow generated by the original one-parameter family together with a drift in the parameter space, that pushes the trajectory of a given initial condition into a disordered, more complex state. To exemplify, for the Period Doubling, the Ruelle-Takens-Newhouse and the Intermittency routes to chaos the Entropy flow behaves exactly as expected - that is, it truly pushes trajectories into more complex states. In addition, in the spirit of Forcing Theory, in the paper we use the Conley index to discuss how one can use the Entropy flow to study the connection between topology and bifurcations. Moreover, drawing on the numerical and analytic evidence, we will analyze how the Entropy flow behaves in several examples of famous flows, including the Lorenz system, the R\"ossler attractor, and the breakup of the Shilnikov homoclinic scenario.
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math.CA 2026-06-24

Fourier ratio squared sets entropy scale for Z_N signal classes

by Alex Iosevich, Vahagn Hovhannisyan +2 more

Metric entropy of Fourier ratio classes on {mathbb Z}_N

Upper and lower bounds match in r and N dependence, identifying FR(f)^2 as the effective dimension at small scales.

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We study metric entropy and uniform sampling for classes of signals on ${\mathbb Z}_N$ with prescribed Fourier ratio. The Fourier ratio measures how spread out the Fourier transform of a signal is, interpolating between sparse spectral support and nearly uniform spectral distribution. Our main result gives upper and lower bounds for the metric entropy of a Fourier-ratio layer of size $r.$ At any sufficiently small fixed covering scale, these bounds match in their dependence on $r$ and $N$ and show that $FR(f)^2$ acts as an effective dimension parameter governing the size of the class. We use the entropy estimate to obtain uniform bounds for empirical approximation over Fourier-ratio classes. We also establish a phase-orbit packing result. If a single signal has a flat spectral block of size $k,$ then phase perturbations of that signal generate an exponentially large family with the same Fourier ratio and positive $\ell^2$ separation. Together, these results show that the Fourier ratio governs not only approximation properties of individual signals, but also the geometric size and uniform sampling behavior of entire signal classes.
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math.CA 2026-06-24

Two conditions suffice for ODE asymptotic expansions

by Roland Hildebrand, Rahaf Habib

Sufficient conditions for the existence of exponential-polynomial expansions for solutions of certain differential equations

P(0)=0 and P'(0)=½P''(0) ensure exponential-polynomial expansions u(x)=sum p_k(x+c)e^{-kx} as Re x to +∞, including for degenerate Painlevé

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We consider ordinary differential equations (ODE) of the form $u''u - (u')^2 = e^{-x}P(u) - 1$, where $P$ is a polynomial. In previous work, necessary conditions on $P$ have been established for certain families of solutions of these ODEs to have asymptotic expansions of the form $u(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} p_k(x+c)e^{-kx}$ for $Re\,x \to +\infty$, where $c \in \mathbb C$ is an arbitrary constant parameterizing the solution family, and $p_k$ are polynomials, with $p_0(x) = x$. These conditions amount to $P(0) = 0$ and $P'(0) = \frac12P''(0)$. Here we show that these two conditions are also sufficient. The results imply the existence of corresponding expansions for certain degenerate Painlev\'e III transcendents.
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