IceCube and High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos

The IceCube experiment discovered PeV-energy neutrinos originating beyond our Galaxy with an energy flux that is comparable to that of TeV-energy gamma rays and EeV-energy cosmic rays. Neutrinos provide the only unobstructed view of the cosmic accelerators that power the highest energy radiation reaching us from the universe. We will review the rationale for building kilometer-scale neutrino detectors that led to the IceCube project, which transformed a cubic kilometer of deep transparent natural Antarctic ice into a neutrino telescope of such a scale. We will summarize the results from the first decade of operations: the status of the observations of cosmic neutrinos and of their first identified source, the supermassive black hole TXS 0506+056. Subsequently, we will introduce the phenomenology associated with cosmic accelerators in some detail. Besides the search for the sources of Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays, the scientific missions of IceCube and similar instruments under construction in the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Baikal include the observation of Galactic supernova explosions, the search for dark matter, and the study of neutrinos themselves. This review resulted from notes created for summer school lectures and should be accessible to nonexperts.