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Biorthogonal Quantum Mechanics

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arxiv 1308.2609 v2 pith:TNTTROUI submitted 2013-08-12 quant-ph math-phmath.MP

Biorthogonal Quantum Mechanics

classification quant-ph math-phmath.MP
keywords quantummechanicsspacebiorthogonalcasedevelopedeigenstateshilbert
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The Hermiticity condition in quantum mechanics required for the characterisation of (a) physical observables and (b) generators of unitary motions can be relaxed into a wider class of operators whose eigenvalues are real and whose eigenstates are complete. In this case, the orthogonality of eigenstates is replaced by the notion of biorthogonality that defines the relation between the Hilbert space of states and its dual space. The resulting quantum theory, which might appropriately be called 'biorthogonal quantum mechanics', is developed here in some detail in the case for which the Hilbert space dimensionality is finite. Specifically, characterisations of probability assignment rules, observable properties, pure and mixed states, spin particles, measurements, combined systems and entanglements, perturbations, and dynamical aspects of the theory are developed. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on infinite-dimensional systems.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Kubo-Martin-Schwinger conditions for non-Hermitian systems

    quant-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Positivity of the biorthogonal Gibbs functional characterizes quasi-Hermiticity for diagonalisable non-Hermitian operators with real spectra, and the resulting state satisfies the three analytic KMS conditions.

  2. Kubo-Martin-Schwinger conditions for non-Hermitian systems

    quant-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    For any diagonalisable non-Hermitian H with real spectrum, the biorthogonal Gibbs functional satisfies positivity of ω_bi(A†A) for all A if and only if H is quasi-Hermitian.

  3. Trajectories of Critical Unstable Qubits in and on the Bloch Sphere

    quant-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Critical unstable qubits exhibit indefinite anharmonic oscillations and coherence-decoherence cycles in a co-decaying frame, with first-time explicit geometric constructions for pure and mixed state trajectories on th...