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Report on Tests and Measurements of Hadronic Interaction Properties with Air Showers

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arxiv 1902.08124 v1 pith:EN66A73C submitted 2019-02-21 astro-ph.HE hep-ex

Report on Tests and Measurements of Hadronic Interaction Properties with Air Showers

classification astro-ph.HE hep-ex
keywords showersexperimentshadronicinteractionmeasurementsmuonshowersimulated
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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We present a summary of recent tests and measurements of hadronic interaction properties with air showers. This report has a special focus on muon density measurements. Several experiments reported deviations between simulated and recorded muon densities in extensive air showers, while others reported no discrepancies. We combine data from eight leading air shower experiments to cover shower energies from PeV to tens of EeV. Data are combined using the z-scale, a unified reference scale based on simulated air showers. Energy-scales of experiments are cross-calibrated. Above 10 PeV, we find a muon deficit in simulated air showers for each of the six considered hadronic interaction models. The deficit is increasing with shower energy. For the models EPOS-LHC and QGSJet-II.04, the slope is found significant at 8 sigma.

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