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Searching for Electromagnetic Counterpart Candidates to GW231123

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arxiv 2511.05144 v2 pith:ALY3VIT6 submitted 2025-11-07 astro-ph.HE

Searching for Electromagnetic Counterpart Candidates to GW231123

classification astro-ph.HE
keywords candidatescounterpartgw231123electromagneticflaresformationactivealthough
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The detection of GW231123, a gravitational-wave (GW) event with exceptionally massive and rapidly spinning black holes, suggests the possible formation within an active galactic nucleus (AGN) disk, which provides a favorable environment for potentially generating an observable electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We conduct a search for such a counterpart by crossmatching the GW localization with a comprehensive catalog of AGN flares from the Zwicky Transient Facility. Our analysis yields six plausible optical flare candidates that are spatially and temporally coincident with GW231123 and exhibit significant deviations from their AGN baseline flux. Although these candidates represent a crucial first step, their true nature remains inconclusive. Confirming any one of these flares via future observations would provide a landmark validation of the AGN formation channel and unlock the multi-messenger potential of this extraordinary merger.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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  2. Observational Properties of Nonthermal Emission from Relativistic Jets Escaping Active Galactic Nucleus Disks

    astro-ph.HE 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Modeling of jets escaping AGN disks reveals distinct nonthermal emission signatures that support multi-messenger detection and diagnostics of the AGN environment.

  3. Gravitational-wave standard sirens and application in cosmology

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 2.0

    Gravitational-wave events from binary mergers act as standard sirens to independently measure luminosity distances and constrain cosmological parameters such as the Hubble constant and dark energy.

  4. Gravitational-wave standard sirens and application in cosmology

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 2.0

    Review of gravitational-wave standard sirens from binary mergers for cosmology, covering distance/redshift methods, detector capabilities, and prospects for bright, dark, and lensed sirens.