pith. sign in

arxiv: 2607.01796 · v1 · pith:ZRAI6T57new · submitted 2026-07-02 · 🪐 quant-ph · physics.optics

Interferometric characterization of the relative phase between two X-ray free-electron laser pulses using long-lived M\"ossbauer resonances

Lukas Wolff , J\"org Evers This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-07-03 12:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph physics.optics
keywords X-ray free-electron lasersMössbauer resonancesRamsey interferencerelative phasepulse characterizationcoherence spectroscopyinterferometry
0
0 comments X

The pith

Long-lived Mössbauer resonances enable measurement of the relative phase between consecutive X-ray free-electron laser pulses via Ramsey interference.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper presents a technique for determining the relative phase between two successive pulses produced by high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers. The approach relies on inserting long-lived Mössbauer resonances into the beam path, either before or after the main experiment, to generate a Ramsey-type interference signal that spans the time interval separating the pulses. Knowing this phase provides extra information that can improve the interpretation of data from the primary experiment. A reader might care because many advanced X-ray studies depend on precise control over pulse sequences, yet phase characterization has been difficult at these energies.

Core claim

The authors introduce a method to measure the relative phase φ between subsequent transform-limited pulses from high-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers using a Ramsey-type interference measurement. This is made possible by introducing long-lived Mössbauer resonances into the XFEL beam path up- or downstream from a primary experiment, allowing the resonances to bridge the temporal gap between the XFEL pulses. The measured phase serves as additional input for analyzing the primary experiment.

What carries the argument

Long-lived Mössbauer resonances placed in the beam path that store coherence across the pulse interval to produce a Ramsey-type interference pattern.

If this is right

  • The measured phase can be used as additional input for the analysis of the primary experiment.
  • The method extends coherence-based spectroscopy to higher photon energies where pulse phase control has been limited.
  • It allows characterization of pulse sequences from high-repetition-rate XFELs without modifying the source itself.
  • Resonances can be placed either upstream or downstream of the main sample.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Placing the resonances downstream would isolate the phase diagnostic from the sample interaction.
  • The same resonance bridge could apply to other long-coherence nuclear or atomic transitions in pulsed sources.
  • Routine use might reveal statistical properties of phase jitter across many pulse pairs.

Load-bearing premise

Long-lived Mössbauer resonances can be introduced into the XFEL beam path without significantly disturbing the primary measurement and will reliably produce usable interference across the time gap between pulses.

What would settle it

An experiment in which the interference fringes from the Mössbauer resonance show no correlation with an independently varied or calculated phase difference between the two pulses.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.01796 by J\"org Evers, Lukas Wolff.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Schematic setup for the characterization of the rel [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Reconstruction of the relative pulse phase [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Normalized distribution of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Performance of the phase recovery as function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Performance of the phase recovery as function of tar [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Coherence-based spectroscopy methods are powerful tools to explore structure and dynamics of matter. However, towards higher photon energies, the generation of sequences of pulses with well-characterized relative delays and phases remains a challenge. Here, we introduce a method to measure the relative phase $\varphi$ between subsequent transform-limited pulses from high-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). It is based on a Ramsey-type interference measurement, enabled by introducing long-lived M\"ossbauer resonances into the XFEL beam path up- or downstream a primary experiment, which allow one to bridge the temporal gap between the XFEL pulses. The measured phase can be used as additional input for the analysis of the primary experiment.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a method to measure the relative phase φ between subsequent transform-limited pulses from high-repetition-rate XFELs. The approach relies on a Ramsey-type interference measurement enabled by placing long-lived Mössbauer resonances in the XFEL beam path (upstream or downstream of a primary experiment) to bridge the temporal gap between pulses; the resulting phase information is intended as additional input for analyzing the primary experiment.

Significance. If the method can be implemented, it would address a recognized challenge in coherence-based x-ray spectroscopy by providing a route to characterize relative phases between XFEL pulses, potentially improving the interpretability of experiments that rely on pulse sequences at high photon energies.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The manuscript presents only a conceptual outline without any quantitative estimates of interference visibility, required resonance lifetime relative to typical XFEL pulse separations (e.g., 100 ns–1 μs at high-repetition-rate facilities), or the optical depth needed for usable contrast. These quantities are load-bearing for the central claim that Mössbauer resonances can reliably bridge the gap and yield a measurable phase.
  2. [Abstract] No analysis is given of how insertion of the Mössbauer sample (up- or downstream) would affect the primary experiment’s beam properties, absorption, or coherence; this assumption is stated but not examined, leaving the practicality of the proposal unaddressed.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract refers to “transform-limited pulses” without specifying the assumed pulse duration, bandwidth, or repetition rate, which would help readers assess compatibility with existing XFEL parameters.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments on our manuscript. The work is presented as a conceptual proposal for a phase-characterization method, and the points raised identify areas where additional discussion would improve clarity and address practicality. We respond to each major comment below and indicate the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] The manuscript presents only a conceptual outline without any quantitative estimates of interference visibility, required resonance lifetime relative to typical XFEL pulse separations (e.g., 100 ns–1 μs at high-repetition-rate facilities), or the optical depth needed for usable contrast. These quantities are load-bearing for the central claim that Mössbauer resonances can reliably bridge the gap and yield a measurable phase.

    Authors: We agree that the manuscript is a conceptual outline and does not contain quantitative estimates of visibility, lifetime matching, or optical depth. In revision we will add a dedicated paragraph with order-of-magnitude calculations using representative parameters (e.g., the 57Fe resonance with ~141 ns lifetime and typical 100 ns–1 μs XFEL separations) to illustrate the regime in which usable contrast can be expected. These estimates will be presented as illustrative rather than exhaustive, consistent with the conceptual scope of the work. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] No analysis is given of how insertion of the Mössbauer sample (up- or downstream) would affect the primary experiment’s beam properties, absorption, or coherence; this assumption is stated but not examined, leaving the practicality of the proposal unaddressed.

    Authors: The referee is correct that effects on the primary beam (absorption, coherence preservation, and possible intensity loss) are not examined. We will revise the manuscript to include a short discussion of these issues, noting that thin resonant foils can be used to keep absorption low and that downstream placement avoids altering the beam delivered to the primary experiment. We will also mention that any residual absorption can be quantified from the known nuclear cross-section and sample thickness. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; method proposal with no derivations

full rationale

The manuscript is a forward-looking conceptual proposal for a Ramsey-type interferometric phase measurement using long-lived Mössbauer resonances to bridge XFEL pulse gaps. No equations, parameter fits, derivations, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the provided text or abstract. The central claim introduces an experimental technique without reducing any 'prediction' or result to its own inputs by construction. This matches the default expectation of self-contained papers scoring 0-2.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are specified in the abstract; the proposal rests on the unelaborated assumption that suitable Mössbauer resonances exist and can be integrated into the beam path.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5650 in / 1025 out tokens · 45989 ms · 2026-07-03T12:32:34.043836+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

84 extracted references · 1 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

  1. [1]

    Jaeschke, S

    E. Jaeschke, S. Khan, J. R. Schneider, and J. B. Hastings, eds.,Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers: Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation and Science Appli- cations(Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2014)

    2014

  2. [2]

    W. P. Aue, E. Bartholdi, and R. R. Ernst, Two- dimensional spectroscopy. application to nuclear mag- netic resonance, J. Chem. Phys.64, 2229 (1976)

    1976

  3. [3]

    Mukamel,Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995)

    S. Mukamel,Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995)

    1995

  4. [4]

    Hamm and M

    P. Hamm and M. Zanni,Concepts and methods of 2D in- frared spectroscopy(Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge, England, 2011)

    2011

  5. [5]

    Cho, Coherent two-dimensional optical spectroscopy, Chem

    M. Cho, Coherent two-dimensional optical spectroscopy, Chem. Rev.108, 1331 (2008)

    2008

  6. [6]

    A. H. Zewail, Femtochemistry: Atomic-scale dynamics of the chemical bond, J. Phys. Chem. A104, 5660 (2000)

    2000

  7. [7]

    Young, K

    L. Young, K. Ueda, M. G¨ uhr, P. H. Bucksbaum, M. Si- mon, S. Mukamel, N. Rohringer, K. C. Prince, C. Mas- ciovecchio, M. Meyer, A. Rudenko, D. Rolles, C. Bostedt, M. Fuchs, D. A. Reis, R. Santra, H. Kapteyn, M. Mur- nane, H. Ibrahim, F. L´ egar´ e, M. Vrakking, M. Isinger, D. Kroon, M. Gisselbrecht, A. L’Huillier, H. J. W¨ orner, and S. R. Leone, Roadmap...

    2018

  8. [8]

    Ramasesha, S

    K. Ramasesha, S. R. Leone, and D. M. Neumark, Real- time probing of electron dynamics using attosecond time- resolved spectroscopy, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.67, 41 (2016)

    2016

  9. [9]

    P. M. Kraus, M. Z¨ urch, S. K. Cushing, D. M. Neumark, and S. R. Leone, The ultrafast x-ray spectroscopic revolu- tion in chemical dynamics, Nat. Rev. Chem.2, 82 (2018)

    2018

  10. [10]

    Chergui, M

    M. Chergui, M. Beye, S. Mukamel, C. Svetina, and C. Masciovecchio, Progress and prospects in nonlinear extreme-ultraviolet and x-ray optics and spectroscopy, Nat. Rev. Phys.5, 578 (2023)

    2023

  11. [11]

    Agostini and L

    P. Agostini and L. F. DiMauro, The physics of attosecond light pulses, Rep. Prog. Phys.67, 813 (2004)

    2004

  12. [12]

    Krausz and M

    F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, Attosecond physics, Rev. Mod. Phys.81, 163 (2009)

    2009

  13. [13]

    P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, Attosecond science, Nat. 9 Phys.3, 381 (2007)

    2007

  14. [14]

    Protopapas, C

    M. Protopapas, C. H. Keitel, and P. L. Knight, Atomic physics with super-high intensity lasers, Rep. Prog. Phys. 60, 389 (1997)

    1997

  15. [15]

    Amann, W

    J. Amann, W. Berg, V. Blank, F.-J. Decker, Y. Ding, P. Emma, Y. Feng, J. Frisch, D. Fritz, J. Hastings, et al., Demonstration of self-seeding in a hard-x-ray free- electron laser, Nat. Photonics6, 693 (2012)

    2012

  16. [16]

    Inoue, T

    I. Inoue, T. Osaka, T. Hara, T. Tanaka, T. Inagaki, T. Fukui, S. Goto, Y. Inubushi, H. Kimura, R. Kinjo, et al., Generation of narrow-band x-ray free-electron laser via reflection self-seeding, Nat. photonics13, 319 (2019)

    2019

  17. [17]

    Nam, C.-K

    I. Nam, C.-K. Min, B. Oh, G. Kim, D. Na, Y. J. Suh, H. Yang, M. H. Cho, C. Kim, M.-J. Kim,et al., High- brightness self-seeded x-ray free-electron laser covering the 3.5 kev to 14.6 kev range, Nat. Photonics15, 435 (2021)

    2021

  18. [18]

    S. Liu, C. Grech, M. Guetg, S. Karabekyan, V. Kocharyan, N. Kujala, C. Lechner, T. Long, N. Mirian, W. Qin,et al., Cascaded hard x-ray self-seeded free-electron laser at megahertz repetition rate, Nat. Pho- tonics17, 984 (2023)

    2023

  19. [19]

    Gauthier, P

    D. Gauthier, P. c. v. R. Ribiˇ c, G. De Ninno, E. Allaria, P. Cinquegrana, M. B. Danailov, A. Demidovich, E. Fer- rari, L. Giannessi, B. Mahieu, and G. Penco, Spectrotem- poral shaping of seeded free-electron laser pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett.115, 114801 (2015)

    2015

  20. [20]

    K. C. Prince, E. Allaria, C. Callegari, R. Cucini, G. De Ninno, S. Di Mitri, B. Diviacco, E. Ferrari, P. Finetti, D. Gauthier, L. Giannessi, N. Mahne, G. Penco, O. Plekan, L. Raimondi, P. Rebernik, E. Rous- sel, C. Svetina, M. Trov` o, M. Zangrando, M. Ne- gro, P. Carpeggiani, M. Reduzzi, G. Sansone, A. N. Grum-Grzhimailo, E. V. Gryzlova, S. I. Strakhova,...

    2016

  21. [21]

    Wituschek, L

    A. Wituschek, L. Bruder, E. Allaria, U. Bangert, M. Binz, R. Borghes, C. Callegari, G. Cerullo, P. Cinque- grana, L. Giannessi,et al., Tracking attosecond electronic coherences using phase-manipulated extreme ultraviolet pulses, Nat. Commun.11, 883 (2020)

    2020

  22. [22]

    Madsen, A

    A. Madsen, A. Fluerasu, and B. Ruta, Structural dynam- ics of materials probed by x-ray photon correlation spec- troscopy, inSynchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers: Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation and Sci- ence Applications, edited by E. J. Jaeschke, S. Khan, J. R. Schneider, and J. B. Hastings (Springer Interna- tional Publishing, Cham, ...

    2020

  23. [23]

    Lehmk¨ uhler, W

    F. Lehmk¨ uhler, W. Roseker, and G. Gr¨ ubel, From fem- toseconds to hours—measuring dynamics over 18 orders of magnitude with coherent x-rays, Appl. Sci.11, 6179 (2021)

    2021

  24. [24]

    C. G. Schroer, I. Agapov, W. Brefeld, R. Brinkmann, Y.-C. Chae, H.-C. Chao, M. Eriksson, J. Keil, X. Nuel Gavald` a, R. R¨ ohlsberger,et al., PETRA IV: the ultralow-emittance source project at DESY, J. Syn- chrotron Radiat.25, 1277 (2018)

    2018

  25. [25]

    Eriksson, J

    M. Eriksson, J. F. van der Veen, and C. Quitmann, Diffraction-limited storage rings – a window to the sci- ence of tomorrow, J. Synchrotron Radiat.21, 837 (2014)

    2014

  26. [26]

    Raimondi, ESRF-EBS: The extremely brilliant source project, Synchrotron Radiation News29, 8 (2016)

    P. Raimondi, ESRF-EBS: The extremely brilliant source project, Synchrotron Radiation News29, 8 (2016)

    2016

  27. [27]

    Weckert, The potential of future light sources to ex- plore the structure and function of matter, IUCrJ2, 230 (2015)

    E. Weckert, The potential of future light sources to ex- plore the structure and function of matter, IUCrJ2, 230 (2015)

    2015

  28. [28]

    Decker, K

    F.-J. Decker, K. L. Bane, W. Colocho, S. Gilevich, A. Marinelli, J. C. Sheppard, J. L. Turner, J. J. Turner, S. L. Vetter, A. Halavanau,et al., Tunable x-ray free elec- tron laser multi-pulses with nanosecond separation, Sci. Rep.12, 3253 (2022)

    2022

  29. [29]

    Rossbach, J

    J. Rossbach, J. R. Schneider, and W. Wurth, 10 years of pioneering x-ray science at the free-electron laser FLASH at DESY, Phys. Rep.808, 1 (2019)

    2019

  30. [30]

    Decking, S

    W. Decking, S. Abeghyan, P. Abramian, A. Abramsky, A. Aguirre, C. Albrecht, P. Alou, M. Altarelli, P. Alt- mann, K. Amyan,et al., A MHz-repetition-rate hard X- ray free-electron laser driven by a superconducting linear accelerator, Nat. Photonics14, 391 (2020)

    2020

  31. [31]

    J. N. Galayda,The LCLS-II: A high power upgrade to the LCLS, Tech. Rep. (SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States), 2018)

    2018

  32. [32]

    Z. Zhu, Z. Zhao, D. Wang, Z. Liu, R. Li, L. Yin, and Z. Yang, Sclf: An 8-GeV CW SCRF linac-based X-ray FEL facility in Shanghai, Proceedings of the FEL2017, Santa Fe, NM, USA , 20 (2017)

    2017

  33. [33]

    B. W. Adams, C. Buth, S. M. Cavaletto, J. Evers, Z. Har- man, C. H. Keitel, A. P´ alffy, A. Pic´ on, R. R¨ ohlsberger, Y. Rostovtsev, and K. Tamasaku, X-ray quantum optics, J. Mod. Opt.60, 2 (2013)

    2013

  34. [34]

    Scientific Opportunities with an X-ray Free-Electron Laser Oscillator

    B. Adams, G. Aeppli, T. Allison, A. Q. R. Baron, P. Bucksbaum, A. I. Chumakov, C. Corder, S. P. Cramer, S. DeBeer, Y. Ding, J. Evers, J. Frisch, M. Fuchs, G. Gr¨ ubel, J. B. Hastings, C. M. Heyl, L. Hol- berg, Z. Huang, T. Ishikawa, A. Kaldun, K.-J. Kim, T. Kolodziej, J. Krzywinski, Z. Li, W.-T. Liao, R. Lind- berg, A. Madsen, T. Maxwell, G. Monaco, K. Ne...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.09317 1903

  35. [35]

    Kuznetsova and O

    E. Kuznetsova and O. Kocharovskaya, Quantum optics with x-rays, Nat. Photonics11, 685 (2017)

    2017

  36. [36]

    R¨ ohlsberger, J

    R. R¨ ohlsberger, J. Evers, and S. Shwartz, Quantum and nonlinear optics with hard x-rays, inSynchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers: Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation and Science Applications, edited by E. Jaeschke, S. Khan, J. R. Schneider, and J. B. Hast- ings (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2014) pp. 1–28

    2014

  37. [37]

    R¨ ohlsberger and J

    R. R¨ ohlsberger and J. Evers, Quantum optical phenom- ena in nuclear resonant scattering, inModern M¨ ossbauer Spectroscopy: New Challenges Based on Cutting-Edge Techniques, edited by Y. Yoshida and G. Langouche (Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2021) pp. 105–171

    2021

  38. [38]

    R¨ ohlsberger,Nuclear condensed matter physics with synchrotron radiation: Basic principles, methodology and applications, Vol

    R. R¨ ohlsberger,Nuclear condensed matter physics with synchrotron radiation: Basic principles, methodology and applications, Vol. 208 (Springer Science & Business Me- dia, 2004)

    2004

  39. [39]

    K. P. Heeg, A. Kaldun, C. Strohm, P. Reiser, C. Ott, R. Subramanian, D. Lentrodt, J. Haber, H.-C. Wille, S. Goerttler, R. R¨ uffer, C. H. Keitel, R. R¨ ohlsberger, T. Pfeifer, and J. Evers, Spectral narrowing of x-ray 10 pulses for precision spectroscopy with nuclear resonances, Science357, 375 (2017)

    2017

  40. [40]

    K. P. Heeg, A. Kaldun, C. Strohm, C. Ott, R. Subrama- nian, D. Lentrodt, J. Haber, H.-C. Wille, S. Goerttler, R. R¨ uffer, C. H. Keitel, R. R¨ ohlsberger, T. Pfeifer, and J. Evers, Coherent x-ray-optical control of nuclear exci- tons, Nature590, 401 (2021)

    2021

  41. [41]

    Y. V. Shvyd’ko, T. Hertrich, U. van B¨ urck, E. Gerdau, O. Leupold, J. Metge, H. D. R¨ uter, S. Schwendy, G. V. Smirnov, W. Potzel, and P. Schindelmann, Storage of nuclear excitation energy through magnetic switching, Phys. Rev. Lett.77, 3232 (1996)

    1996

  42. [42]

    P´ alffy, C

    A. P´ alffy, C. H. Keitel, and J. Evers, Single-photon entan- glement in the kev regime via coherent control of nuclear forward scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett.103, 017401 (2009)

    2009

  43. [43]

    W.-T. Liao, A. P´ alffy, and C. H. Keitel, Coherent storage and phase modulation of single hard-x-ray photons using nuclear excitons, Phys. Rev. Lett.109, 197403 (2012)

    2012

  44. [44]

    Bocklage, J

    L. Bocklage, J. Gollwitzer, C. Strohm, C. F. Adolff, K. Schlage, I. Sergeev, O. Leupold, H.-C. Wille, G. Meier, and R. R¨ ohlsberger, Coherent control of collective nu- clear quantum states via transient magnons, Science ad- vances7, eabc3991 (2021)

    2021

  45. [45]

    Helist¨ o, I

    P. Helist¨ o, I. Tittonen, M. Lippmaa, and T. Katila, Gamma echo, Phys. Rev. Lett.66, 2037 (1991)

    2037

  46. [46]

    Schindelmann, U

    P. Schindelmann, U. van B¨ urck, W. Potzel, G. V. Smirnov, S. L. Popov, E. Gerdau, Y. V. Shvyd’ko, J. J¨ aschke, H. D. R¨ uter, A. I. Chumakov, and R. R¨ uffer, Radiative decoupling and coupling of nuclear oscilla- tors by stepwise doppler-energy shifts, Phys. Rev. A65, 023804 (2002)

    2002

  47. [47]

    Vagizov, V

    F. Vagizov, V. Antonov, Y. V. Radeonychev, R. N. Shakhmuratov, and O. Kocharovskaya, Coherent control of the waveforms of recoillessγ-ray photons, Nature508, 80 (2014)

    2014

  48. [48]

    Velten, L

    S. Velten, L. Bocklage, X. Zhang, K. Schlage, A. Panch- wanee, S. Sadashivaiah, I. Sergeev, O. Leupold, A. I. Chumakov, O. Kocharovskaya,et al., Nuclear quantum memory for hard x-ray photon wave packets, Science Ad- vances10, eadn9825 (2024)

    2024

  49. [49]

    R¨ ohlsberger, K

    R. R¨ ohlsberger, K. Schlage, B. Sahoo, S. Couet, and R. R¨ uffer, Collective lamb shift in single-photon superra- diance, Science328, 1248 (2010)

    2010

  50. [50]

    R¨ ohlsberger, H.-C

    R. R¨ ohlsberger, H.-C. Wille, K. Schlage, and B. Sahoo, Electromagnetically induced transparency with resonant nuclei in a cavity, Nature482, 199 (2012)

    2012

  51. [51]

    K. P. Heeg and J. Evers, X-ray quantum optics with M¨ ossbauer nuclei embedded in thin-film cavities, Phys. Rev. A88, 043828 (2013)

    2013

  52. [52]

    K. P. Heeg, H.-C. Wille, K. Schlage, T. Guryeva, D. Schumacher, I. Uschmann, K. S. Schulze, B. Marx, T. K¨ ampfer, G. G. Paulus, R. R¨ ohlsberger, and J. Evers, Vacuum-assisted generation and control of atomic coher- ences at x-ray energies, Phys. Rev. Lett.111, 073601 (2013)

    2013

  53. [53]

    K. P. Heeg, J. Haber, D. Schumacher, L. Bocklage, H.-C. Wille, K. S. Schulze, R. Loetzsch, I. Uschmann, G. G. Paulus, R. R¨ uffer, R. R¨ ohlsberger, and J. Evers, Tunable subluminal propagation of narrow-band x-ray pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett.114, 203601 (2015)

    2015

  54. [54]

    Haber, K

    J. Haber, K. S. Schulze, K. Schlage, R. Loetzsch, L. Bock- lage, T. Gurieva, H. Bernhardt, H.-C. Wille, R. R¨ uffer, I. Uschmann, G. G. Paulus, and R. R¨ ohlsberger, Col- lective strong coupling of X-rays and nuclei in a nuclear optical lattice, Nat. Photonics10, 445 (2016)

    2016

  55. [55]

    Haber, X

    J. Haber, X. Kong, C. Strohm, S. Willing, J. Gollwitzer, L. Bocklage, R. R¨ uffer, A. P´ alffy, and R. R¨ ohlsberger, Rabi oscillations of x-ray radiation between two nuclear ensembles, Nat. Photonics11, 720 (2017)

    2017

  56. [56]

    Lentrodt, K

    D. Lentrodt, K. P. Heeg, C. H. Keitel, and J. Evers, Ab initio quantum models for thin-film x-ray cavity QED, Phys. Rev. Res.2, 023396 (2020)

    2020

  57. [57]

    G. V. Smirnov, U. van B¨ urck, J. Arthur, G. S. Brown, A. I. Chumakov, A. Q. R. Baron, W. Petry, and S. L. Ruby, Currents and fields reveal the propagation of nu- clear polaritons through a resonant target, Phys. Rev. A 76, 043811 (2007)

    2007

  58. [58]

    G. V. Smirnov and V. G. Kohn, Theory of nuclear res- onant scattering of synchrotron radiation in the pres- ence of diffusive motion of nuclei, Phys. Rev. B52, 3356 (1995)

    1995

  59. [59]

    Bergmann, J

    U. Bergmann, J. B. Hastings, and D. P. Siddons, Time evolution of incoherent nuclear scattering from 57Fe ex- cited with synchrotron radiation, Phys. Rev. B49, 1513 (1994)

    1994

  60. [60]

    Sturhahn and V

    W. Sturhahn and V. Kohn, Theoretical aspects of in- coherent nuclear resonant scattering, Hyperfine Interac- tions123, 367 (1999)

    1999

  61. [61]

    Tschentscher, C

    T. Tschentscher, C. Bressler, J. Gr¨ unert, A. Madsen, A. P. Mancuso, M. Meyer, A. Scherz, H. Sinn, and U. Za- strau, Photon beam transport and scientific instruments at the european xfel, Appl. Sci.7, 592 (2017)

    2017

  62. [62]

    A. I. Chumakov, A. Q. Baron, I. Sergueev, C. Strohm, O. Leupold, Y. Shvyd’Ko, G. V. Smirnov, R. R¨ uffer, Y. Inubushi, M. Yabashi, K. Tono, T. Kudo, and T. Ishikawa, Superradiance of an ensemble of nuclei ex- cited by a free electron laser, Nat. Phys.14, 261 (2018)

    2018

  63. [63]

    Shvyd’ko, R

    Y. Shvyd’ko, R. R¨ ohlsberger, O. Kocharovskaya, J. Ev- ers, G. A. Geloni, P. Liu, D. Shu, A. Miceli, B. Stone, W. Hippler,et al., Resonant x-ray excitation of the nu- clear clock isomer 45Sc, Nature622, 471 (2023)

    2023

  64. [64]

    R¨ ohlsberger, J

    R. R¨ ohlsberger, J. Everset al., European XFEL beam time p3334 (private communication)

  65. [65]

    G. V. Smirnov, General properties of nuclear resonant scattering, Hyperfine Interact.123, 31 (1999)

    1999

  66. [66]

    Hannon and G

    J. Hannon and G. Trammell, Coherentγ-ray optics, Hy- perfine Interact.123, 127 (1999)

    1999

  67. [67]

    Virtanen, R

    P. Virtanen, R. Gommers, T. E. Oliphant, M. Haber- land, T. Reddy, D. Cournapeau, E. Burovski, P. Pe- terson, W. Weckesser, J. Bright, S. J. van der Walt, M. Brett, J. Wilson, K. J. Millman, N. Mayorov, A. R. J. Nelson, E. Jones, R. Kern, E. Larson, C. J. Carey, ˙I. Po- lat, Y. Feng, E. W. Moore, J. VanderPlas, D. Laxalde, J. Perktold, R. Cimrman, I. Henr...

    2020

  68. [68]

    Van Rossum and F

    G. Van Rossum and F. L. Drake,Python 3 Reference Manual(CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, CA, 2009)

    2009

  69. [69]

    Myers, D

    R. Myers, D. Montgomery, G. Vining, and T. Robin- son, Logistic and Poisson regression models, inGeneral- ized Linear Models, edited by R. Myers, D. Montgomery, G. Vining, and T. Robinson (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,

  70. [70]

    Coussement, S

    R. Coussement, S. Cottenier, and C. L’abb´ e, Time- integrated nuclear resonant forward scattering of syn- chrotron radiation, Phys. Rev. B54, 16003 (1996). 11

    1996

  71. [71]

    Coussement, J

    R. Coussement, J. Odeurs, C. L’abb´ e, and G. Neyens, Heterodyne detection of synchrotron radiation, Hyperfine Interact.125, 113 (2000)

    2000

  72. [72]

    R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka, Variation with tempera- ture of the energy of recoil-free gamma rays from solids, Phys. Rev. Lett.4, 274 (1960)

    1960

  73. [73]

    Lehmk¨ uhler, F

    F. Lehmk¨ uhler, F. Dallari, A. Jain, M. Sikorski, J. M¨ oller, L. Frenzel, I. Lokteva, G. Mills, M. Walther, H. Sinn, F. Schulz, M. Dartsch, V. Markmann, R. Bean, Y. Kim, P. Vagovic, A. Madsen, A. P. Mancuso, and G. Gr¨ ubel, Emergence of anomalous dynamics in soft matter probed at the European XFEL, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences117, 24...

    2020

  74. [74]

    Sadashivaiah, K

    S. Sadashivaiah, K. Jenni, L. Scherthan, B. Sch¨ afer, M. Herlitschke, P. W¨ urtz, C. Strohm, I. Sergeev, H.-C. Wille, R. R¨ ohlsberger,et al., Light-induced spin transi- tion in the spin-crossover complex FePt2 detected by op- tical pump-coherent resonant nuclear elastic scattering, Hyperfine Interact.241, 1 (2020)

    2020

  75. [75]

    Sadashivaiah, J

    S. Sadashivaiah, J. A. Wolny, L. Scherthan, K. Jenni, A. Omlor, C. S. Mu¨ uller, I. Sergueev, M. Herlitschke, O. Leupold, H.-C. Wille,et al., High-repetition rate op- tical pump–nuclear resonance probe experiments identify transient molecular vibrations after photoexcitation of a spin crossover material, J. Phys. Chem. Lett.12, 3240 (2021)

    2021

  76. [76]

    Meyer, L

    R. Meyer, L. Scherthan, T. Hochd¨ orffer, S. Sadashiva- iah, J. A. Wolny, M. W. Klein, M. Smaga, T. Beck, V. Sch¨ unemann, and H. M. Urbassek, Changes in the phonon density of states of Fe induced by external strain, Appl. Phys. A127, 1 (2021)

    2021

  77. [77]

    Vagizov, S

    F. Vagizov, S. Olariu, and O. Kocharovskaya, Experi- mental search for laser-induced effects in 151Eu and 57Fu doped crystals, Laser Phys.17, 734 (2007)

    2007

  78. [78]

    Sturhahn, K

    W. Sturhahn, K. W. Quast, T. S. Toellner, E. E. Alp, J. Metge, and E. Gerdau, Electron emission from 57Fe nuclei excited with synchrotron radiation, Phys. Rev. B 53, 171 (1996)

    1996

  79. [79]

    Y. V. Shvyd’ko, Nuclear resonant forward scattering of x rays: Time and space picture, Phys. Rev. B59, 9132 (1999)

    1999

  80. [80]

    D. Adıg¨ uzel,Effects of non-linear excitation on the propa- gation of light through ensembles of nuclear two-level sys- tems, Bachelor thesis, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit¨ at, Hei- delberg (2024)

    2024

Showing first 80 references.