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arxiv: 2403.15976 · v2 · submitted 2024-03-24 · ✦ hep-ex · physics.ins-det

Searches for CE{ν}NS and Physics beyond the Standard Model using Skipper-CCDs at CONNIE

Alexis A. Aguilar-Arevalo , Nicolas Avalos , Xavier Bertou , Carla Bonifazi , Gustavo Cancelo , Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara , Claudio Chavez , Fernando Chierchie
show 26 more authors
Gustavo Coelho Corr\^ea Juan Carlos D'Olivo Jo\~ao dos Anjos Juan Estrada Guillermo Fernandez Moroni Aldo R. Fernandes Neto Richard Ford Ben Kilminster Kevin Kuk Andrew Lathrop Patrick Lemos Herman P. Lima Jr. Martin Makler Katherine Maslova Franciole Marinho Jorge Molina Irina Nasteva Ana Carolina Oliveira Laura Paulucci Dario Rodrigues Y. Sarkis Miguel Sofo-Haro Diego Stalder Javier Tiffenberg Sho Uemura Pedro Ventura
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-24 03:48 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex physics.ins-det
keywords CEνNSSkipper-CCDreactor antineutrinoscoherent neutrino scatteringdark matterbeyond Standard Modeldiurnal modulationCONNIE
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0 comments X

The pith

CONNIE's Skipper-CCDs observe no excess in reactor-on versus off data, setting competitive limits on CEνNS and light vector mediators plus the strongest surface-level bounds on DM-electron scattering.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The CONNIE experiment installed two Skipper-CCD sensors next to the Angra-2 reactor and collected 300 days of data split between reactor-on and reactor-off periods. With a new 15 eV detection threshold enabled by sub-electron noise, the difference in event rates shows no statistically significant excess. This null result produces 95% confidence level upper limits on coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering rates that match earlier CONNIE results despite far smaller exposure. The same data improve the prior CONNIE bound on a simplified model containing light vector mediators and yield the best limits on dark matter-electron scattering cross sections from any surface-based experiment through a diurnal modulation search.

Core claim

The difference between reactor-on and reactor-off event rates is consistent with zero after data-quality and event-selection cuts, producing 95% CL upper limits on neutrino interaction rates comparable to previous CONNIE limits, an improved constraint on a light vector mediator model, and the leading surface-experiment limit on the DM-electron scattering cross-section obtained via diurnal modulation.

What carries the argument

Skipper-CCDs with sub-electron readout noise that reach a 15 eV threshold for identifying low-energy nuclear recoils and electron recoils.

If this is right

  • Upper limits on CEνNS rates remain comparable to earlier CONNIE results even with much lower exposure and sensor mass.
  • The bound on a simplified light vector mediator model improves on the previous CONNIE limit.
  • Diurnal modulation analysis produces the best DM-electron scattering limits obtained by any surface-level experiment.
  • Results with a very small detector mass demonstrate Skipper-CCDs can access rare low-energy processes and motivate plans for increased detector mass.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Scaling detector mass while preserving the low threshold could reach the predicted CEνNS rate and enable a first observation.
  • The diurnal modulation technique for DM searches could be adapted to other surface or shallow-site detectors with similar low-threshold sensors.
  • Further background reduction or threshold improvement would expand sensitivity to additional beyond-Standard-Model neutrino interactions.

Load-bearing premise

The reactor-off dataset accurately measures every non-neutrino background present during reactor-on running with no unaccounted time-dependent or reactor-correlated contributions after the applied cuts.

What would settle it

A statistically significant excess in the reactor-on minus reactor-off rate whose energy spectrum matches the expected CEνNS distribution at the predicted rate would confirm detection; continued absence of such an excess in higher-exposure data would tighten or exclude the light vector mediator parameter space.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2403.15976 by Aldo R. Fernandes Neto, Alexis A. Aguilar-Arevalo, Ana Carolina Oliveira, Andrew Lathrop, Ben Kilminster, Brenda A. Cervantes-Vergara, Carla Bonifazi, Claudio Chavez, Dario Rodrigues, Diego Stalder, Fernando Chierchie, Franciole Marinho, Guillermo Fernandez Moroni, Gustavo Cancelo, Gustavo Coelho Corr\^ea, Herman P. Lima Jr., Irina Nasteva, Javier Tiffenberg, Jo\~ao dos Anjos, Jorge Molina, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, Juan Estrada, Katherine Maslova, Kevin Kuk, Laura Paulucci, Martin Makler, Miguel Sofo-Haro, Nicolas Avalos, Patrick Lemos, Pedro Ventura, Richard Ford, Sho Uemura, Xavier Bertou, Y. Sarkis.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: This indivitual electron resolution of the sensors [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. CONNIE: Packaged Skipper-CCD (left), copper cold box with 14 standard CCDs and 2 Skipper-CCDs installed in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Distribution of charge up to one hundred electron [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Size-to-depth calibration curve from a sample of 45 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. (Left) Readout noise and (right) single-electron-rate distributions for reactor-off images. The purple histograms [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. CONNIE Skipper-CCDs detection efficiency (red), accounting for the event extraction acceptance and the selection [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. (Top) CONNIE Skipper reactor-on and reactor-off [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. (Left) CONNIE Skipper-CCD exclusion limits (solid lines) at the 95% C.L. from the CE [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. 90% C.L. upper bounds on dark matter-electron interactions mediated by a heavy dark photon (left) and an ultralight [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9. Total reactor antineutrino spectrum per fission in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. (left) Efficiency points with error bars compared with the fit function from Eq. B1 (red). (right) Ionisation efficiency [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_10.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Coherent Neutrino-Nucleus Interaction Experiment (CONNIE) aims to detect the coherent scattering (CE$\nu$NS) of reactor antineutrinos off silicon nuclei using thick fully-depleted high-resistivity silicon CCDs. Two Skipper-CCD sensors with sub-electron readout noise capability were installed at the experiment next to the Angra-2 reactor in 2021, making CONNIE the first experiment to employ Skipper-CCDs for reactor neutrino detection. We report on the performance of the Skipper-CCDs, the new data processing and data quality selection techniques and the event selection for CE$\nu$NS interactions, which enable CONNIE to reach a record low detection threshold of 15 eV. The data were collected over 300 days in 2021-2022 and correspond to exposures of 14.9 g-days with the reactor-on and 3.5 g-days with the reactor-off. The difference between the reactor-on and off event rates shows no excess and yields upper limits at 95% confidence level for the neutrino interaction rates comparable with previous CONNIE limits from standard CCDs and higher exposures. Searches for new neutrino interactions beyond the Standard Model were performed, yielding an improvement on the previous CONNIE limit on a simplified model with light vector mediators. A first dark matter (DM) search by diurnal modulation was performed by CONNIE and the results represent the best limits on the DM-electron scattering cross-section, obtained by a surface-level experiment. These promising results, obtained using a very small-mass sensor, illustrate the potential of Skipper-CCDs to probe rare neutrino interactions and motivate the plans to increase the detector mass in the near future.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper reports results from the CONNIE experiment's first use of Skipper-CCDs to search for CEνNS of reactor antineutrinos on silicon. With new data processing and selection techniques reaching a 15 eV threshold, 14.9 g-day reactor-on and 3.5 g-day reactor-off exposures show no excess in the on-minus-off rate difference. This yields 95% CL upper limits on neutrino interaction rates comparable to prior CONNIE results, an improved limit on a light vector mediator BSM model, and the strongest surface-level limits on DM-electron scattering from a diurnal modulation search.

Significance. If the background subtraction holds, the work demonstrates Skipper-CCDs' potential for rare-event searches at very low thresholds with minimal detector mass. Strengths include the first application of Skipper-CCDs to reactor neutrinos, the diurnal DM search, and the BSM limit improvement; these are concrete advances that motivate larger-mass follow-ups.

major comments (1)
  1. [§4] §4 (Data analysis and event selection): The central null result and all derived limits rest on subtracting the 3.5 g-day reactor-off sample from the 14.9 g-day on sample after the new cuts. The off exposure is only ~23% of the on exposure and spans a shorter calendar interval; the manuscript must explicitly demonstrate (via stability plots, rate-vs-time studies, or auxiliary data) that no time-dependent or reactor-correlated backgrounds survive the subtraction at the 15 eV threshold.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract and §3: the exposure values (14.9 g-day on, 3.5 g-day off) should be stated with their live-time fractions or duty-cycle corrections for clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed review and for highlighting the importance of validating the background subtraction. We address the single major comment below and will incorporate the requested material into a revised manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§4] §4 (Data analysis and event selection): The central null result and all derived limits rest on subtracting the 3.5 g-day reactor-off sample from the 14.9 g-day on sample after the new cuts. The off exposure is only ~23% of the on exposure and spans a shorter calendar interval; the manuscript must explicitly demonstrate (via stability plots, rate-vs-time studies, or auxiliary data) that no time-dependent or reactor-correlated backgrounds survive the subtraction at the 15 eV threshold.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit demonstration of background stability is necessary to support the on-minus-off subtraction at 15 eV. The reactor-off data were acquired during a scheduled maintenance shutdown of Angra-2, and the on data span the full 300-day period with the reactor operating at nominal power. In the revised manuscript we will add: (i) a rate-versus-time plot for the selected events in both the on and off samples after all cuts, (ii) a comparison of the low-energy spectra in sub-periods of the on data to check for time-dependent variations, and (iii) a brief discussion of auxiliary monitoring (temperature, radon, and power-supply stability) that shows no correlated excursions at the relevant threshold. These additions will be placed in §4 and will quantify the residual uncertainty on the subtracted rate. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental limits derived directly from on-minus-off rate difference via standard statistical procedures

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental null result and derived upper limits from the difference between reactor-on (14.9 g-day) and reactor-off (3.5 g-day) event rates after new Skipper-CCD processing and selection cuts reaching 15 eV threshold. No equations or steps reduce a claimed prediction or result to a fitted parameter by construction, nor invoke self-citations as load-bearing uniqueness theorems. The on-off subtraction is a direct data-driven comparison; the 95% CL limits follow from the observed difference showing no excess, using conventional statistical methods. Self-citations to prior CONNIE work exist for context on improvements but do not define or force the current result. The DM diurnal modulation search is likewise a direct analysis of the dataset. This is a self-contained experimental report with no self-definitional or fitted-input-called-prediction patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The analysis rests on standard Poisson statistics for limit setting and the assumption that reactor-off data fully captures background; no free parameters are introduced to define the central null-result claim.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Reactor-off data accurately represents all non-CEνNS backgrounds present during reactor-on running after the stated quality and event-selection cuts.
    Invoked when subtracting on and off datasets to claim no excess.

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Characterization of Spurious Charge in SENSEI Skipper-CCDs

    physics.ins-det 2026-05 accept novelty 7.0

    Spurious charge in SENSEI Skipper-CCDs originates primarily from the serial register; tri-level clocking reduces single-electron density by a factor of approximately 7.

  2. Sub-keV energy calibration of CONUS+ via 71Ge M-shell neutron activation

    hep-ex 2026-04 conditional novelty 7.0

    Neutron activation resolves the 71Ge M-shell X-ray line at 158.7 eVee in a CONUS+ germanium detector, reducing CEvNS signal prediction uncertainty below 4%.

  3. Novel Constraints on Spin-Dependent Light Dark Matter Scattering

    hep-ph 2026-02 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    SNO data combined with CANDU reactor production excludes spin-dependent χ-nucleon cross sections above ~10^{-33} cm² for m_χ ≤ 1.5 MeV.

  4. Particle background characterization and prediction for the NUCLEUS reactor CE$\nu$NS experiment

    physics.ins-det 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Environmental radiation measurements combined with Geant4 simulations predict a residual background of approximately 250 events per day per kg per keV in the 10-100 eV range for NUCLEUS CaWO4 detectors, dominated by c...

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