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Absolute Calibration Strategies for the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and Their Impact on the 21 cm Power Spectrum

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arxiv 1910.12943 v2 pith:POJICMNA submitted 2019-10-28 astro-ph.IM astro-ph.CO

Absolute Calibration Strategies for the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and Their Impact on the 21 cm Power Spectrum

Nicholas S. Kern , Joshua S. Dillon , Aaron R. Parsons , Christopher L. Carilli , Gianni Bernardi , Zara Abdurashidova , James E. Aguirre , Paul Alexander
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Zaki S. Ali Yanga Balfour Adam P. Beardsley Tashalee S. Billings Judd D. Bowman Richard F. Bradley Philip Bull Jacob Burba Steven Carey Carina Cheng David R. DeBoer Matt Dexter Eloy de Lera Acedo John Ely Aaron Ewall-Wice Nicolas Fagnoni Randall Fritz Steve R. Furlanetto Kingsley Gale-Sides Brian Glendenning Deepthi Gorthi Bradley Greig Jasper Grobbelaar Ziyaad Halday Bryna J. Hazelton Jacqueline N. Hewitt Jack Hickish Daniel C. Jacobs Austin Julius Joshua Kerrigan Piyanat Kittiwisit Saul A. Kohn Matthew Kolopanis Adam Lanman Paul La Plante Telalo Lekalake Adrian Liu David MacMahon Lourence Malan Cresshim Malgas Matthys Maree Zachary E. Martinot Eunice Matsetela Andrei Mesinger Mathakane Molewa Miguel F. Morales Tshegofalang Mosiane Steven G. Murray Abraham R. Neben Bojan Nikolic Chuneeta D. Nunhokee Nipanjana Patra Samantha Pieterse Jonathan C. Pober Nima Razavi-Ghods Jon Ringuette James Robnett Kathryn Rosie Peter Sims Craig Smith Angelo Syce Nithyanandan Thyagarajan Peter K. G. Williams Haoxuan Zheng
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keywords calibrationheraarrayepochgainphasepowerreionization
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We discuss absolute calibration strategies for Phase I of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), which aims to measure the cosmological 21 cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). HERA is a drift-scan array with a 10 degree wide field of view, meaning bright, well-characterized point source transits are scarce. This, combined with HERA's redundant sampling of the uv plane and the modest angular resolution of the Phase I instrument, make traditional sky-based and self-calibration techniques difficult to implement with high dynamic range. Nonetheless, in this work we demonstrate calibration for HERA using point source catalogues and electromagnetic simulations of its primary beam. We show that unmodeled diffuse flux and instrumental contaminants can corrupt the gain solutions, and present a gain smoothing approach for mitigating their impact on the 21 cm power spectrum. We also demonstrate a hybrid sky and redundant calibration scheme and compare it to pure sky-based calibration, showing only a marginal improvement to the gain solutions at intermediate delay scales. Our work suggests that the HERA Phase I system can be well-calibrated for a foreground-avoidance power spectrum estimator by applying direction-independent gains with a small set of degrees of freedom across the frequency and time axes.

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