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arxiv: 2606.17239 · v1 · pith:P73JPGVHnew · submitted 2026-06-15 · ⚛️ physics.bio-ph

Cell sensing: from physical limits to active behaviors

Andrew Mugler , Maria Rose This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 02:05 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.bio-ph
keywords cell sensingphysical limitsactive behaviorsinformation processingsignal discriminationcell coordinationenvironmental reshaping
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The pith

Cells actively amplify, share, and prioritize sensory information to surpass passive physical limits.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Physics determines the information content in signals that cells detect, setting fundamental bounds on precision for passive receivers. Cells, however, are active sensors that reshape both their surroundings and their own states. This review describes four active strategies—coordinating with neighboring cells, modifying the environment, dynamically updating internal states, and discriminating among signals—that let cells amplify, redistribute, share, and prioritize information. These behaviors often exceed or bypass the limits that would apply to passive sensing. The paper therefore frames cell sensing as an active process rather than a purely physical one.

Core claim

While physics sets the information contained in sensed signals, cells are active rather than passive sensors. They shape and reshape both the environment and themselves through coordination with other cells, environmental remodeling, internal state updates, and signal discrimination. These active behaviors enable amplification, redistribution, sharing, and prioritization of sensory information, often surpassing or obviating passive physical limits.

What carries the argument

Four active sensing implementations—coordinating with other cells, reshaping the environment, dynamically updating themselves, and discriminating signals—that carry the argument by allowing cells to exceed passive limits.

If this is right

  • Cell collectives can process and share information at scales larger than single-cell physics permits.
  • Dynamic internal updates let cells adapt their sensing to changing external conditions.
  • Signal discrimination allows prioritization of relevant inputs over noise.
  • Environmental reshaping can increase the effective information available to the cell.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Sensing models in biology should treat cells as feedback controllers rather than fixed detectors.
  • Synthetic circuits could be designed to replicate these active strategies for enhanced detection.
  • The same active principles may apply to other biological information-processing tasks such as chemotaxis or quorum sensing.

Load-bearing premise

Active cell behaviors genuinely exceed the information limits set by passive physics.

What would settle it

An experiment in which disabling the four listed active mechanisms leaves cells unable to exceed the classic passive precision bounds would falsify the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.17239 by Andrew Mugler, Maria Rose.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. The physics of environmental signals limits the information that can be passively sensed (left). Active behaviors, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Physical limits to sensing precision. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Organoid branching but not single-cell migration exhibits biased directional response to an EGF ligand gradient. (A) A schematic of the mesofluidic device chamber, with high (red) and low (pink) EGF concentration reservoirs and organoids embedded in a collagen gel exposed to the resulting EGF gradient (see Supporting Information for further information). (B) Example microscopy image of an organoid exposed … view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Combined Effects and Compu transmembrane migration of MDA-MB-435Stransmembrane m [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Examples of reorientation and its simulation by computational model v.2. (A and B) Time-lapse images of MATa cells expressing in situ–tagged Ste2-GFP reorienting in mating mixtures. The fluorescent images show the localization of Ste2-GFP as MATa cells reorient. The filled arrowheads indicate the Ste2-GFP crescent at the initial CS (0’) and after reorientation to the second CS. The closed yellow arrowheads… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Latr tilTl atrunculin A–T between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Active sensing by dynamic updating. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Active sensing by signal discrimination. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Physics sets the information contained in the signals that cells sense. But cells are active, not passive, sensors. They shape and reshape both the environment and themselves. These active behaviors allow cells to amplify, redistribute, share, and prioritize sensory information, often surpassing or obviating passive physical limits. Here, we review recent results on active sensing. After describing classic and more recent limits to sensory precision, we focus on four ways that cells implement active sensing: coordinating with other cells, reshaping their environment, dynamically updating themselves, and discriminating signals. We conclude with potential future directions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review that first outlines classic and recent physical limits on sensory precision in cells, then synthesizes literature on four classes of active cellular behaviors—coordinating with other cells, reshaping the environment, dynamically updating themselves, and discriminating signals—arguing that these allow amplification, redistribution, sharing, and prioritization of sensory information, often surpassing or obviating passive physical limits. It concludes with potential future directions.

Significance. If the synthesis of the cited primary studies holds, the review offers a coherent framework integrating physical constraints with active biological mechanisms in cell sensing. It explicitly credits the underlying empirical and theoretical results from the literature for establishing both the passive limits and the active circumventions.

minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'recent results' is used without indicating the temporal scope or selection criteria for the reviewed literature.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive review and recommendation to accept the manuscript. We are pleased that the synthesis of physical limits and active sensing strategies was viewed as coherent and appropriately crediting the underlying literature.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

This is a review paper that synthesizes existing literature on passive sensory limits and active cellular behaviors. No new derivations, equations, parameter fits, or predictions are introduced. The central framing—that active behaviors can surpass passive limits—is presented as a synthesis of cited primary studies rather than a self-derived result. No load-bearing steps reduce to self-definition, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains. The manuscript is self-contained against external benchmarks via the referenced works.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a review paper; the abstract introduces no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities. All content summarizes prior literature on physical limits and active behaviors.

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Reference graph

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