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SMILES Enumeration as Data Augmentation for Neural Network Modeling of Molecules

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arxiv 1703.07076 v2 pith:J4BMQZFQ submitted 2017-03-21 cs.LG

SMILES Enumeration as Data Augmentation for Neural Network Modeling of Molecules

classification cs.LG
keywords smilesmoleculedatasetnetworkaugmentationaugmentedcanonicalcoefficient
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a single line text representation of a unique molecule. One molecule can however have multiple SMILES strings, which is a reason that canonical SMILES have been defined, which ensures a one to one correspondence between SMILES string and molecule. Here the fact that multiple SMILES represent the same molecule is explored as a technique for data augmentation of a molecular QSAR dataset modeled by a long short term memory (LSTM) cell based neural network. The augmented dataset was 130 times bigger than the original. The network trained with the augmented dataset shows better performance on a test set when compared to a model built with only one canonical SMILES string per molecule. The correlation coefficient R2 on the test set was improved from 0.56 to 0.66 when using SMILES enumeration, and the root mean square error (RMS) likewise fell from 0.62 to 0.55. The technique also works in the prediction phase. By taking the average per molecule of the predictions for the enumerated SMILES a further improvement to a correlation coefficient of 0.68 and a RMS of 0.52 was found.

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Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Augmenting Molecular Language Models with Local $n$-gram Memory

    cs.CL 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    MolGram integrates a conditional n-gram memory module into molecular language models to address locality gaps in SMILES tokenization, improving performance on generation, forward prediction, and retrosynthesis while o...

  2. From Syntax to Semantics: Unveiling the Emergence of Chirality in SMILES Translation Models

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Chirality emerges in SMILES translation models through an abrupt encoder-centered reorganization of representations after a long plateau, identified via checkpoint analysis and ablation.

  3. When and How to Canonize: A Generalization Perspective

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Canonization produces generalization bounds ranging from invariant-optimal to non-invariant depending on regularity, with Hilbert-curve ordering proven to give polynomial covering-number growth for point clouds while ...

  4. SMolLM: Small Language Models Learn Small Molecular Grammar

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    A 53K-parameter model generates 95% valid SMILES on ZINC-250K, outperforming larger models, by resolving chemical constraints in fixed order: brackets first, rings second, valence last.

  5. What Does a Chemical Language Model Know About Molecules?

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Sparse autoencoders on MolFormer reveal position-tracking latents in early layers and atom-in-substructure plus pharmacologically relevant features in later layers, with non-canonical SMILES causing greater representa...

  6. Molecules Meet Language: Confound-Aware Representation Learning and Chemical Property Steering in Transformer-VAE Latent Spaces

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Chemically meaningful steering for properties like cLogP and TPSA emerges in entangled Transformer-VAE latent spaces only after controlling for SELFIES representation confounds through residualization and decoded traversals.

  7. SMolLM: Small Language Models Learn Small Molecular Grammar

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    A 53K-parameter weight-shared transformer generates novel valid SMILES at 95% rate on ZINC-250K and resolves constraints hierarchically via bracket, ring, and valence stages as shown by probing and ablation.

  8. Toxicity Prediction by Multimodal Deep Learning

    cs.LG 2019-07 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    A multimodal deep learning approach using heterogeneous representations and network types achieves significantly higher accuracy than state-of-the-art methods on a standard toxicity benchmark.

  9. GLACIER: A Multimodal Student-Teacher Foundation Model for Molecular Property Prediction

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    GLACIER combines graph, SMILES, and descriptor encoders with Finsler fusion and contrastive distillation to produce an efficient multimodal model for molecular property prediction.