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Counterfactual Fairness

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arxiv 1703.06856 v3 pith:BEHFEWHB submitted 2017-03-20 stat.ML cs.CYcs.LG

Counterfactual Fairness

classification stat.ML cs.CYcs.LG
keywords counterfactualfairnessbiaseddecisionsfairframeworkindividuallearning
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Machine learning can impact people with legal or ethical consequences when it is used to automate decisions in areas such as insurance, lending, hiring, and predictive policing. In many of these scenarios, previous decisions have been made that are unfairly biased against certain subpopulations, for example those of a particular race, gender, or sexual orientation. Since this past data may be biased, machine learning predictors must account for this to avoid perpetuating or creating discriminatory practices. In this paper, we develop a framework for modeling fairness using tools from causal inference. Our definition of counterfactual fairness captures the intuition that a decision is fair towards an individual if it is the same in (a) the actual world and (b) a counterfactual world where the individual belonged to a different demographic group. We demonstrate our framework on a real-world problem of fair prediction of success in law school.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Toward Calibrated, Fair, and accurate Deepfake Detection

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Face-Feature Tuning is a label-free logit remapping method that reduces FPR/TPR gaps across groups in deepfake detection while preserving overall accuracy.

  2. Unmasking LAION-5B: Age, Gender, Race, and Emotion Biases in Large-Scale Image Datasets

    cs.CV 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Empirical audit of LAION-2B-en and LAION-2B-multi finds overrepresentation of young adults, White people, and males plus stereotypical emotion associations across two attribute classifiers.

  3. AgentFairBench: Do LLM Agents Discriminate When They Act?

    cs.AI 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    AgentFairBench is a multi-domain benchmark for demographic disparity in LLM agent actions, with a pilot showing no significant effect for Claude Haiku 4.5 after arity-matched noise correction.

  4. Trustworthy AI Suffers from Invariance Conflicts and Causality is The Solution

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Causality provides a unifying framework for resolving trade-offs in trustworthy AI by managing invariance conflicts under changes to the data-generating process.

  5. Online Learning with Multiple Fairness Regularizers via Graph-Structured Feedback

    cs.LG 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Develops a bandit algorithm with graph feedback that learns weights for multiple fairness constraints adaptively over sequential interactions.

  6. Trustworthy AI Suffers from Invariance Conflicts and Causality is The Solution

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    Causality resolves trade-offs in trustworthy AI by treating them as invariance conflicts under different data-generating process changes.