Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 2 minor 52 references

Virial theorem defines simulation core boundaries via energy tracking

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

T0 review · grok-4.3

2026-07-03 23:59 UTC pith:XF6WCH5B

load-bearing objection Vibes introduces a distinct virial-based boundary rule for cores but the physical link to single-star outcomes stays untested. the 3 major comments →

arxiv 2606.08494 v2 pith:XF6WCH5B submitted 2026-06-07 astro-ph.SR astro-ph.GA

Virial-based extraction of structures in numerical simulations: The vibes tool

Simon Chevalier , Fabien Louvet , Yann Bernard , Fr\'ed\'erique Motte , Daniel J. Price , No\'e Brucy , Maxime Valeille-Manet , Marta Gonz\'alez-Garcia
show 4 more authors
Estelle Moraux Isabelle Joncour Benjamin Thomasson Pierre Didelon
This is my paper
classification astro-ph.SR astro-ph.GA
keywords star formationcore mass functionvirial theoremnumerical simulationsstructure extractioninitial mass functionoverdensity identification
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces a method to extract cores in 3D star formation simulations by iteratively growing structures from density peaks and applying the virial theorem at each step. The boundary is set where the total energy of the growing structure changes its behavior, replacing reliance on user-chosen density thresholds. Tests on STARFORGE simulations show the process has low sensitivity to parameters like iteration step and peak selection. Comparisons indicate greater stability and coherence than density-based tools such as hop and dendrogram. The approach aims to produce cores that align more closely with regions that collapse to form single stars or close multiples.

Core claim

By building structures iteratively around density peaks and applying the virial theorem at each step, the boundary of each core can be set from the evolution of its energy as it grows, resulting in structures that are more stable and physically motivated than those extracted using density-based algorithms.

What carries the argument

Iterative growth of structures from density peaks with virial theorem evaluation at each step to select the boundary from changes in total energy behavior.

Load-bearing premise

The change in total energy behavior during iterative expansion reliably identifies the physical boundary of a core that will form a single star or close multiple system.

What would settle it

In a simulation where the final stars and their multiplicities are known from the run, verify whether the mass and spatial extent of each extracted core correctly predict the number and type of stars that form from it.

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • Core boundaries are set by a physical energy criterion rather than arbitrary density parameters.
  • The extraction shows low sensitivity to choices of structure shape constraints, iteration step, and peak selection criteria.
  • Extracted structures are more coherent with each other and more stable than those produced by hop or dendrogram.
  • Cores align more closely with the definition of gas reservoirs that form a single star or close multiple system.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same energy-based boundary criterion might allow consistent core definitions when applied across different simulation resolutions or codes.
  • If kinematic data suffice, the approach could be tested on observed molecular clouds to compare with simulation results.
  • Tracking how energy changes relate to the shift from turbulence-dominated to gravity-dominated regions could connect this extraction to broader questions of core evolution.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper introduces the vibes tool for extracting structures (cores) from 3D numerical simulations of star formation. Structures are grown iteratively around density peaks, with the virial theorem applied at each step; the boundary is identified from the evolution of total energy (kinetic + thermal + gravitational) as the region expands. On STARFORGE snapshots the method exhibits low sensitivity to iteration step size, peak selection criteria, and shape constraints. It is compared to HOP and dendrogram algorithms and is claimed to be more stable, returning coherent, physically motivated cores whose boundaries rest on a virial criterion rather than user-chosen density thresholds, thereby better matching the definition of gas reservoirs that form a single star or close multiple system.

Significance. If the energy-transition criterion is shown to correspond to physically meaningful boundaries, the method would supply a less arbitrary route to core extraction, potentially tightening the connection between the core mass function and the IMF. The reported low parameter sensitivity and the direct use of simulation fields for the energy calculation are concrete strengths. The absence of quantitative stability metrics and forward-in-time validation, however, limits the immediate impact on the field.

major comments (3)
  1. [Boundary-setting criterion (energy evolution during iterative growth)] The central claim that the energy-behavior transition reliably marks the physical boundary of a core that will form a single star or close multiple (Abstract; skeptic note on weakest assumption) is not supported by any forward evolution of the extracted structures to confirm collapse outcomes; without this test the physical motivation remains an unverified modeling choice.
  2. [Sensitivity and comparison tests] The statements that sensitivity to working parameters is low and that vibes is much more stable than HOP or dendrograms (Abstract) are presented without quantitative metrics, error bars, or tabulated variation in core properties across parameter choices, so the robustness claim cannot be evaluated.
  3. [Energy summation and transition detection] No explicit description or equation is given for how the total energy is summed over the growing region or how the transition point is detected algorithmically, leaving open the possibility that the detected boundary is influenced by resolution, softening length, or summation details.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Results section] Add a short table or plot quantifying the variation in extracted core mass or number when the iteration step or shape constraint is changed by a factor of two.
  2. [Method] Clarify whether the gravitational potential is computed with the same softening used in the simulation or with a different prescription.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive report and detailed comments. We address each major point below. Revisions have been made to add quantitative metrics, explicit algorithmic descriptions, and to clarify the scope of physical claims while preserving the core contribution of the virial-based extraction method.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Boundary-setting criterion (energy evolution during iterative growth)] The central claim that the energy-behavior transition reliably marks the physical boundary of a core that will form a single star or close multiple (Abstract; skeptic note on weakest assumption) is not supported by any forward evolution of the extracted structures to confirm collapse outcomes; without this test the physical motivation remains an unverified modeling choice.

    Authors: We agree that forward-in-time evolution of the extracted structures would provide valuable additional validation. The manuscript's central contribution is the development of an extraction algorithm that applies the virial theorem directly to determine boundaries from energy balance rather than density thresholds. We have revised the abstract and discussion to soften the language, stating that the transition identifies a boundary consistent with virial equilibrium at the snapshot rather than claiming it 'reliably marks' the final collapse outcome. A new paragraph explicitly notes the absence of time-evolution tests as a limitation and outlines this as planned future work. This addresses the concern without altering the method's motivation. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Sensitivity and comparison tests] The statements that sensitivity to working parameters is low and that vibes is much more stable than HOP or dendrograms (Abstract) are presented without quantitative metrics, error bars, or tabulated variation in core properties across parameter choices, so the robustness claim cannot be evaluated.

    Authors: The referee is correct that quantitative support strengthens the robustness statements. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated subsection (with accompanying table and figures) that reports the variation in extracted core properties (mass, radius, virial parameter, and number of structures) across the tested ranges of iteration step size, peak selection criteria, and shape constraints. Standard deviations and relative variations are provided. A parallel quantitative comparison with HOP and dendrograms shows the much larger sensitivity of those methods to their density-threshold parameter, including tabulated changes in core statistics. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Energy summation and transition detection] No explicit description or equation is given for how the total energy is summed over the growing region or how the transition point is detected algorithmically, leaving open the possibility that the detected boundary is influenced by resolution, softening length, or summation details.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this omission. The revised methods section now includes explicit equations for the total energy (kinetic + thermal + gravitational) summed over the cells/particles belonging to the growing structure at each iteration. We also describe the algorithmic procedure used to detect the transition point, including the precise criterion (e.g., sign change in the second derivative of total energy or crossing of a defined threshold). A short discussion addresses possible influences of numerical resolution and gravitational softening in the STARFORGE runs and why they do not alter the reported low sensitivity. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

The derivation applies the standard virial theorem directly to simulation fields by iteratively growing structures around density peaks and monitoring the computed total energy (kinetic + thermal + gravitational) evolution to set boundaries at observed transition points. This uses explicit summation over the input data at each step without fitting any parameter to the resulting structures, without self-referential definitions of the boundary criterion, and without load-bearing self-citations or imported uniqueness theorems. The method is therefore self-contained as a direct computation from the simulation snapshot rather than a reduction to its own outputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The method rests on the standard virial theorem plus several tunable parameters whose impact is claimed to be small; no new physical entities are postulated.

free parameters (3)
  • iteration step size
    Controls spatial growth increment of structures; tested for sensitivity but still a free choice in the algorithm.
  • peak selection criteria
    Rules for choosing initial density peaks; tested but remains a user-set input.
  • shape constraints
    Limits on allowed structure geometry during growth; listed as a main working parameter.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The virial theorem can be applied directly to growing sub-volumes extracted from simulation snapshots to determine physically meaningful boundaries.
    Invoked as the basis for setting the structure boundary from energy evolution.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5897 in / 1623 out tokens · 20045 ms · 2026-07-03T23:59:23.362004+00:00 · methodology

0 comments
read the original abstract

The processes that determine the stellar initial mass function (IMF) and its connection to the core mass function (CMF) are among the major open questions in star formation. The definition of a core remains unclear, yet the way they are extracted from simulations and observations critically shapes the CMF. Nowadays, cores are mostly detected through their density or intensity only. We aim to explore a new way to define cores in 3D numerical simulations based on a direct application of the virial theorem, and break free from some limitations induced by density-based methods. We intend to improve the accuracy and the physical meaning of the extracted cores. We developed vibes, an innovative method that makes full use of the virial theorem to extract overdensities in simulation snapshots. It works by building structures iteratively around density peaks, and applying the virial theorem to the structure at each iteration. Then, the structure boundary is set from the evolution of the its energy as it spatially grows. We used STARFORGE simulations to test the sensitivity of the extraction process to the main working parameters (constraints on the structure shape, iteration step, and peak selection criteria). This sensitivity is observed to be low. We compared our extraction with two density-based extraction algorithms, hop and dendrogram, that are observed to be very sensitive to their input density threshold parameter. Vibes returns structures that are coherent to each other and physically motivated, and it appears much more stable than existing 3D extraction tools. By defining the boundary of the cores on a physical criterion rather than on a user-defined set of density parameters, we expect such extracted cores to be closer to their forsaken definition: gas reservoirs that will form a single star or a close multiple system.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.08494 by Benjamin Thomasson, Daniel J. Price, Estelle Moraux, Fabien Louvet, Fr\'ed\'erique Motte, Isabelle Joncour, Marta Gonz\'alez-Garcia, Maxime Valeille-Manet, No\'e Brucy, Pierre Didelon, Simon Chevalier, Yann Bernard.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Structure energy components as a function of the equiva [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Illustration of a single cell iteration. Structures are built [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Illustration of the boundary selection process. The dashed [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Number of objects relative to the reference number of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Number of peaks kept after sorting relative to the total [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Relative number of extracted objects with respect to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Relative number of extracted objects with respect to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Mass distribution of the structures extracted with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Matrix giving the p values for Kolmogorov-Smirnov [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Equivalent radius with respect to the mass of the struc [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Peak density with respect to the number of cells per [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_12.png] view at source ↗

Review history (2 revisions) →

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

52 extracted references · 52 canonical work pages · 25 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Powerlaw: a Python package for analysis of heavy-tailed distributions

    Powerlaw: a Python package for analysis of heavy-tailed distributions , volume =. PLoS ONE , author =. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085777 , shorttitle =. 1305.0215 [physics] , keywords =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085777

  2. [2]

    A., et al

    Six myths on the virial theorem for interstellar clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10880.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0606071 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10880.x 2006

  3. [3]

    I., Rowell , G

    On the structure of molecular clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22130.x , archivePrefix =. 1209.3346 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22130.x 2012

  4. [4]

    Gravity or turbulence? IV. Collapsing cores in out-of-virial disguise

    Gravity or turbulence? - IV. Collapsing cores in out-of-virial disguise. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1515 , archivePrefix =. 1710.07384 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1515

  5. [5]

    FellWalker - a Clump Identification Algorithm

    FellWalker-A clump identification algorithm. Astronomy and Computing , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2014.11.004 , archivePrefix =. 1411.6267 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2014.11.004 2014

  6. [6]

    Towards a more realistic sink particle algorithm for the RAMSES code

    Towards a more realistic sink particle algorithm for the RAMSES CODE. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2005 , archivePrefix =. 1409.6528 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2005

  7. [7]

    Star formation: statistical measure of the correlation between the prestellar core mass function and the stellar initial mass function

    Star Formation: Statistical Measure of the Correlation between the Prestellar Core Mass Function and the Stellar Initial Mass Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/725/1/L79 , archivePrefix =. 1011.1185 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/2041-8205/725/1/l79 2041

  8. [8]

    , year = 1953, month = jul, volume =

    Problems of Gravitational Stability in the Presence of a Magnetic Field. , year = 1953, month = jul, volume =. doi:10.1086/145732 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/145732 1953

  9. [9]

    Power-law distributions in empirical data

    Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data. SIAM Review , keywords =. doi:10.1137/070710111 , archivePrefix =. 0706.1062 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1137/070710111

  10. [10]

    , keywords =

    Cloud properties across spatial scales in simulations of the interstellar medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348983 , archivePrefix =. 2403.00512 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348983

  11. [11]

    , keywords =

    The fragmentation of molecular clouds in starburst environments. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2812 , archivePrefix =. 2501.03323 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2812

  12. [12]

    Journal of Computational Physics , year = 2002, month = jan, volume =

    Hyperbolic Divergence Cleaning for the MHD Equations. Journal of Computational Physics , year = 2002, month = jan, volume =. doi:10.1006/jcph.2001.6961 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1006/jcph.2001.6961 2002

  13. [13]

    The Virial Balance of Clumps and Cores in Molecular Clouds

    The Virial Balance of Clumps and Cores in Molecular Clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/513708 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0607362 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/513708

  14. [14]

    Core Mass Function: The Role of Gravity

    Core Mass Function: The Role of Gravity. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/588608 , archivePrefix =. 0801.2257 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/588608

  15. [15]

    HOP: A New Group-Finding Algorithm for N-body Simulations

    HOP: A New Group-Finding Algorithm for N-Body Simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/305535 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9712200 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/305535

  16. [16]

    A High Order Godunov Scheme with Constrained Transport and Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Astrophysical MHD

    A high order Godunov scheme with constrained transport and adaptive mesh refinement for astrophysical magnetohydrodynamics. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065371 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0607230 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065371

  17. [17]

    , keywords =

    Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: theory and application to non-spherical stars. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/181.3.375 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/181.3.375

  18. [18]

    Dense core formation in supersonic turbulent converging flows

    Dense Core Formation in Supersonic Turbulent Converging Flows. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/120 , archivePrefix =. 1101.2650 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/729/2/120

  19. [19]

    , keywords =

    STARFORGE: Towards a comprehensive numerical model of star cluster formation and feedback. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1347 , archivePrefix =. 2010.11254 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1347 2010

  20. [20]

    , keywords =

    Effects of the environment and feedback physics on the initial mass function of stars in the STARFORGE simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2060 , archivePrefix =. 2205.10413 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2060

  21. [21]

    , keywords =

    The Physical Origin of the Stellar Initial Mass Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-031748 , archivePrefix =. 2404.07301 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-031748

  22. [22]

    GIZMO: A New Class of Accurate, Mesh-Free Hydrodynamic Simulation Methods

    A new class of accurate, mesh-free hydrodynamic simulation methods. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv195 , archivePrefix =. 1409.7395 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv195

  23. [23]

    A Constrained-Gradient Method to Control Divergence Errors in Numerical MHD

    A constrained-gradient method to control divergence errors in numerical MHD. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1578 , archivePrefix =. 1509.07877 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1578

  24. [24]

    The Formation of Stellar Clusters: Mass Spectra from Turbulent Molecular Cloud Fragmentation

    The Formation of Stellar Clusters: Mass Spectra from Turbulent Molecular Cloud Fragmentation. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/321626 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0104127 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/321626

  25. [25]

    A census of dense cores in the Aquila cloud complex: SPIRE/PACS observations from the Herschel Gould Belt survey

    A census of dense cores in the Aquila cloud complex: SPIRE/PACS observations from the Herschel Gould Belt survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525861 , archivePrefix =. 1507.05926 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525861

  26. [26]

    The Core Mass Function across Galactic Environments. II. Infrared Dark Cloud Clumps. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacb7c , archivePrefix =. 1806.02213 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacb7c

  27. [27]

    The W43-MM1 mini-starburst ridge, a test for star formation efficiency models

    The W43-MM1 mini-starburst ridge, a test for star formation efficiency models. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423603 , archivePrefix =. 1404.4843 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423603

  28. [28]

    , keywords =

    Strong dependence of the physical properties of cores on spatial resolution in observations and simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040053 , archivePrefix =. 2107.05813 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040053

  29. [29]

    Core mass function in the high-mass star formation regime

    ALMA-IMF: XV. Core mass function in the high-mass star formation regime. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345986 , archivePrefix =. 2407.18719 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345986

  30. [30]

    , keywords =

    A numerical approach to the testing of the fission hypothesis. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/112164 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/112164

  31. [31]

    , keywords =

    On the Virial Theorem for Turbulent Molecular Clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/171946 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/171946

  32. [32]

    , keywords =

    Multiscale, multiwavelength extraction of sources and filaments using separation of the structural components: getsf. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039913 , archivePrefix =. 2102.11565 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039913

  33. [33]

    Source extraction and photometry for the far-infrared and sub-millimeter continuum in the presence of complex backgrounds

    Source extraction and photometry for the far-infrared and sub-millimeter continuum in the presence of complex backgrounds. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014752 , archivePrefix =. 1011.3946 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014752

  34. [34]

    , keywords =

    A refined particle method for astrophysical problems. , keywords =

    work page

  35. [35]

    , keywords =

    The initial conditions of star formation in the rho Ophiuchi main cloud: wide-field millimeter continuum mapping. , keywords =

    work page

  36. [36]

    The unexpectedly large proportion of high-mass star-forming cores in a Galactic mini-starburst

    The unexpectedly large proportion of high-mass star-forming cores in a Galactic mini-starburst. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0452-x , archivePrefix =. 1804.02392 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0452-x

  37. [37]

    High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way

    High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235 , archivePrefix =. 1706.00118 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235

  38. [38]

    The core and stellar mass functions in massive collapsing filaments

    Core and stellar mass functions in massive collapsing filaments. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834094 , archivePrefix =. 1902.05744 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834094 1902

  39. [39]

    , keywords =

    The Life and Times of Star-forming Cores: An Analysis of Dense Gas in the STARFORGE Simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb71d , archivePrefix =. 2502.15057 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb71d

  40. [40]

    The Perils of Clumpfind: The Mass Spectrum of Sub-structures in Molecular Clouds

    The Perils of Clumpfind: The Mass Spectrum of Substructures in Molecular Clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/699/2/L134 , archivePrefix =. 0906.0331 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/699/2/l134

  41. [41]

    ALMA-IMF. III. Investigating the origin of stellar masses: top-heavy core mass function in the W43-MM2&MM3 mini-starburst. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142951 , archivePrefix =. 2203.03276 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142951

  42. [42]

    Journal of Computational Physics , year = 1999, month = sep, volume =

    A Solution-Adaptive Upwind Scheme for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics. Journal of Computational Physics , year = 1999, month = sep, volume =. doi:10.1006/jcph.1999.6299 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1006/jcph.1999.6299 1999

  43. [43]

    The density variance -- Mach number relation in supersonic, isothermal turbulence

    The Density Variance-Mach Number Relation in Supersonic, Isothermal Turbulence. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/727/1/L21 , archivePrefix =. 1010.3754 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/2041-8205/727/1/l21 2041

  44. [44]

    Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms

    Structural Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Dendrograms. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/587685 , archivePrefix =. 0802.2944 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/587685

  45. [45]

    The ALMA Survey of 70 m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). I. Pilot Survey: Clump Fragmentation. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab45e9 , archivePrefix =. 1909.07985 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab45e9 1909

  46. [46]

    , keywords =

    The simultaneous formation of massive stars and stellar clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15621.x , archivePrefix =. 0908.3910 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15621.x 2009

  47. [47]

    , keywords =

    The highly variable time evolution of star-forming cores identified with dendrograms. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2253 , archivePrefix =. 2004.01263 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2253 2004

  48. [48]

    Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: a new high resolution code called RAMSES

    Cosmological hydrodynamics with adaptive mesh refinement. A new high resolution code called RAMSES. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011817 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0111367 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011817

  49. [49]

    Towards a comprehensive scenario

    Global hierarchical collapse in molecular clouds. Towards a comprehensive scenario. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2736 , archivePrefix =. 1903.11247 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2736 1903

  50. [50]

    , keywords =

    Determining Structure in Molecular Clouds. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/174279 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/174279

  51. [51]

    ALMA-IMF. XX. Core Fragmentation in the W51 High-mass Star-forming Region. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0619 , archivePrefix =. 2509.06749 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0619

  52. [52]

    , keywords =

    Dense Cores in IRDC G14.225-0.506 Revealed by ALMA Observations. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc398 , archivePrefix =. 2502.16413 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc398