Reionization and high-redshift galaxies: the view from quasar absorption lines

Determining when and how the first galaxies reionized the intergalactic medium (IGM) promises to shed light on both the nature of the first objects and the cosmic history of baryons. Towards this goal, quasar absorption lines play a unique role by probing the properties of diffuse gas on galactic and intergalactic scales. In this review we examine the multiple ways in which absorption lines trace the connection between galaxies and the IGM near the reionization epoch. We first describe how the Ly$\alpha$ forest is used to determine the intensity of the ionizing ultraviolet background and the global ionizing emissivity budget. Critically, these measurements reflect the escaping ionizing radiation from all galaxies, including those too faint to detect directly. We then discuss insights from metal absorption lines into reionization-era galaxies and their surroundings. Current observations suggest a buildup of metals in the circumgalactic environments of galaxies over $z \sim 6$ to 5, although changes in ionization will also affect the evolution of metal line properties. A substantial fraction of metal absorbers at these redshifts may trace relatively low-mass galaxies. Finally, we review constraints from the Ly$\alpha$ forest and quasar near zones on the timing of reionization. Along with other probes of the high-redshift Universe, absorption line data are consistent with a relatively late end to reionization ($5.5 \lesssim z \lesssim 7$); however the constraints are still fairly weak. Significant progress is expected to come through improved analysis techniques, increases in the number of known high-redshift quasars from optical and infrared sky surveys, large gains in sensitivity from next-generation observing facilities, and synergies with other probes of the reionization era.